Deutsch-Chinesische Enzyklopädie, 德汉百科

       
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Catalog Henan Sheng-HA

齐云塔
齐云塔又名释迦舍利塔,在洛阳白马寺以东250米处,是白马寺的附属建筑。它最初是木塔,创建于东汉永平已己年(69年),北宋末年被金兵烧毁。现存宝塔建于金大定十五年(1175年),是一座十三层的四方形楼阁式砖塔,高35米。 塔的外形具有唐代风格,轮廓采用抛物线设计,玲珑挺拔、古雅秀丽。塔的底部为方形须弥座,各边长7.8米,塔顶置宝瓶式塔刹。这座塔是洛阳一带地面上现存最古老的建筑,与白马寺东西相望、交相辉映。
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齐云塔本称释迦舍利塔、金方塔、白马寺塔。始建于东汉永平年间,金代重修。齐云塔在洛阳白马寺山门外东南约200米处,是洛阳一带地面现存最早的古建筑,也是中原地区为数不多的金代建筑遗存之一。塔的造型具有唐、宋时期密檐楼阁式塔的特点,并采用了仿木结构做法,对研究金代建筑特征、尤其是中原地区金代砖塔结构特点提供了不可多得的实物例证。从塔的造型和内部结构来看,该塔都具有很高的历史、科学和艺术价值。

齐云塔又名释迦舍利塔,在洛阳白马寺以东250米处,是白马寺的附属建筑。它最初是木塔,创建于东汉永平已己年(69年),北宋末年被金兵烧毁。现存宝塔建于金大定十五年(1175年),是一座十三层的四方形楼阁式砖塔,高35米。塔的外形具有唐代风格,轮廓采用抛物线设计,玲珑挺拔、古雅秀丽。塔的底部为方形须弥座,各边长7.8米,塔顶置宝瓶式塔刹。这座塔是洛阳一带地面上现存最古老的建筑,与白马寺东西相望、交相辉映。

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龍門大佛 龙门大佛/卢舍那大佛
卢舍那大佛,位于河南省洛阳龙门西山南部山腰奉先寺, 是按照武则天的形象塑造的,作于唐高宗咸亨四年。通高17.14米,梵语“卢舍那佛”即光明普照、光辉普遍之意,是源自古代日神崇拜的太阳神信仰而来。 卢舍那大佛,是龙门石窟中艺术水平最高、整体设计最严密、规模最大的一座造像,以神秘微笑著称,被国外游客誉为“东方蒙娜丽莎”“世界最美雕像”。

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红旗渠/Red Flag Canal
红旗渠,国家AAAAA级旅游景区,全国重点文物保护单位,位于河南省安阳市林州市,是20世纪60年代林县(今林州市)人民在极其艰难的条件下,从太行山腰修建的引漳入林的水利工程,被人称之为“人工天河”。 红旗渠工程于1960年2月动工,至1969年7月支渠配套工程全面完成,历时近十年。该工程共削平了1250座山头,架设151座渡槽,开凿211个隧洞,修建各种建筑物12408座,挖砌土石达2225万立方米,红旗渠总干渠全长70.6公里(山西石城镇~河南任村镇),干渠支渠分布全市乡镇。红旗渠全长1500公里、参与修建人数近10万、耗时近10年的伟大工程,是“新中国奇迹”,被誉为“世界第八大奇迹”。
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汝州
汝州市,河南省辖县级市,由平顶山市代管,位于河南省中西部,属暖温带大陆性季风气候,春季暖和气温回升快,夏季炎热,秋季凉爽,冬季寒冷,雨雪稀少。汝州市是历代郡州治所,从隋大业二年(606年)设立汝州以来,距今已有1400多年的历史。汝州位于郑州都市圈和洛阳都市圈交叉辐射地带,焦枝铁路贯穿南北,宁洛高速、二广高速、林桐高速穿境而过,1小时交通圈内通达郑州国际机场、洛阳机场,交通网络四通八达。

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汝窑/Ruyao
汝窑,中国古代著名窑厂,北宋时期在汝州创办,并以其生产地命名。 北宋晚期,原为民间生产印花青瓷的汝窑被垄断为官窑,专为宫廷烧制御用瓷器,因此汝窑包含汝官窑和汝民窑两部分。汝官窑烧制的时间短暂,不久后就毁于宋金战火,所以汝瓷极为罕见。南宋时期就有人感叹其难得,后世更进一步将汝官窑列为北方青瓷之首、五大名窑之冠,故今天多以汝窑作为汝官窑的代称。

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汝窑中国古代著名窑厂,北宋时期在汝州创办,并以其生产地命名。

北宋晚期,原为民间生产印花青瓷的汝窑被垄断为官窑,专为宫廷烧制御用瓷器,因此汝窑包含汝官窑汝民窑两部分。汝官窑烧制的时间短暂,不久后就毁于宋金战火,所以汝瓷极为罕见。南宋时期就有人感叹其难得,后世更进一步将汝官窑列为北方青瓷之首、五大名窑之冠,故今天多以汝窑作为汝官窑的代称。

Der Ru-Brennofen (chinesisch 窑窯 / 汝窑, Pinyin Rǔ yáo, englisch Ru kiln) war ein berühmter Porzellan- bzw. Keramikbrennofen – ein sogenannter “staatlicher Brennofen” (guanyao)[1] – in der Zeit der Nördlichen Song-Dynastie. Er war einer der sogenannten Fünf berühmten Brennöfen der Song-Dynastie.

Eine Brennofenstätte befand sich im heutigen Ruzhou in der chinesischen Provinz Henan. Zu Anfang der Yuanyou-Ära[2] der Zeit der (Nördlichen) Song-Dynastie wurde er als Nachfolger des Ding-Brennofens bestimmt, um Keramik für den Kaiserhof zu brennen, worüber unter anderem die Pinselnotizen Laoxue an biji[3] des berühmten Dichters Lu You Auskunft geben.[4]

Der Rohling hat die graue Farbe von Räucherstäbchenasche, seine Glasurfarbe ist fast eigrün.[5] Die Brennzeit war kurz, aber die Qualität sehr fein.[6]

In den südlichen und nordöstlichen Gemeinden von Ruzhou wurde auch eine andere Art von grünem Porzellan (qingci) gefunden, seine Glasurfarbe ist im Vergleich zum Longquan-Brennofen relativ kräftig mit etwas lauchzwiebelgrün darin; der Rohling (taigu) hat eine etwas blasse graue Farbe.[7] Es gibt zwei Arten: Verzierungen mit Abdrücken (yinhua) und solche mit Schnitzereien (kehua); an Bildmotiven gibt es Blumen und Pflanzen, Wellen, Fische Vögel, die Glasurfarbe und dekorativen Muster ähneln etwas denen des Yaozhou-Brennofens.[8] Der Brennofen war hauptsächlich auf das Brennen von Keramik für den zivilen Bedarf spezialisiert, die Brennzeit war lang, es wurde in großen Mengen produziert.[9]

Im Verlauf der Invasion der Jin (Jurchen) stellten alle nördlichen Brennöfen ihre Produktion ein.

Ru ware, Ju ware, or "Ru official ware" (Chinese: 汝窯) is a famous and extremely rare type of Chinese pottery from the Song dynasty, produced for the imperial court for a brief period around 1100. Fewer than 100 complete pieces survive, though there are later imitations which do not entirely match the originals. Most have a distinctive pale "duck-egg" blue glaze, "like the blue of the sky in a clearing amongst the clouds after rain" according to a medieval connoisseur,[1] and are otherwise undecorated, though their colours vary and reach into a celadon green.[2] The shapes include dishes, probably used as brush-washers, cups, wine bottles (carafes in modern terms), small vases, and censers and incense-burners. They can be considered as a particular form of celadon wares.[3]

Ru ware represents one of the Five Great Kilns identified by later Chinese writers. The wares were reserved for the Imperial court, with according to one contemporary source only those they rejected reaching a wider market. The source, Zhou Hui, also says the glaze contained agate, and when the kiln site was located in recent decades it was indeed very close to a site for mining agate, which is very largely composed of silica, a usual component of ceramic glazes. However, experts now discount any influence of agate in achieving the Ru glaze colour.[4]

Ru ware is perhaps the first "official ware" specifically commissioned by the imperial court. Their normal practice seems to have been to review the large quantities of "tributary ware" given to them by the provinces making ceramics, effectively as a form of tax. The court kept what they wanted and redistributed the remainder as part of their lavish gifts to officials, temples, and foreign rulers, and perhaps also selling some.[5] Production ended when, or shortly before, the kilns were occupied by the invaders who overthrew the Northern Song dynasty in the 1120s, but the wares remained famous and highly sought after.

On 3 October 2017, a Ru ware brush-washer dish, 13 cm (5 in) across, set a new record auction price for Chinese ceramics at Sotheby's Hong Kong, fetching HK$294.3 million, nearly US$28 million.[6]

La ceramica Ru o "ceramica ufficiale Ru" (汝窯T, 汝窑S, Rǔ yáoP) sono un famoso ed estremamente raro tipo di ceramica cinese della dinastia Song, prodotte per la corte imperiale per un breve periodo intorno al 1100. Sopravvivono oggi meno di 100 pezzi, sebbene esistano imitazioni posteriori che non corrispondono completamente colle originali. Molte delle ceramiche Ru possiedono un distintivo smalto di colore blu pallido, detto a "uovo di anatra", "come il blu del cielo in una radura fra le nuvole dopo la pioggia" secondo un esperto medievale,[1] e prive di alcun decoro, benché i loro colori varino fino a un celadon verde.[2] La produzione era costituita da piatti, probabilmente usati per il lavaggio dei pennelli, bottiglie da vino (oggi caraffe), piccoli vasi e incensieri. Possono essere considerate una forma particolare di prodotti in celadon.[3]

Le ceramiche Ru costituiscono una delle Cinque grandi fornaci identificate da scrittori cinesi posteriori. Le ceramiche erano riservate alla corte imperiale e, secondo una fonte contemporanea, solo quelle che venivano respinte erano destinate ad un mercato più ampio. La fonte, Zhou Hui, afferma anche che lo smalto conteneva agata, e quando venne scoperta negli ultimi decenni del '900 l'ubicazione dei forni, essi si trovavano infatti nelle vicinanze di un sito di una miniera di agata ricca di silice, un normale componente degli smalti.[4]

La ceramica Ru è forse la prima "ceramica ufficiale" specificamente commissionata dalla corte imperiale. Sembrerebbe che si praticasse un'attenta analisi delle grandi quantità di ceramiche tributarie giunte a corte, mantenendone solo alcune e ridistribuendo le rimanenti come parte dei generosi doni rivolti ai funzionari di corte, ai templi, a sovrani stranieri, e forse alcune erano destinate alla vendita.[5] La produzione terminò quando, o poco prima, le fornaci vennero occupate dagli invasori che conquistarono i Song settentrionali negli anni 1120; tuttavia le ceramiche rimasero famose e in seguito molto ricercate.

La cerámica Ru o cerámica oficial Ru (en chino tradicional: 汝窯 en chino simplificado:汝窑 en pinyin: Yao Rǔ) es un tipo famoso y extremamente raro de cerámica china de la dinastía Song, producido para la corte imperial durante un breve periodo alrededor del 1100. Sobreviven menos de 100 piezas, aunque hay imitaciones posteriores que no coinciden por completo con el original. Muchas de las cerámicas Ru poseen un esmalte de color azul pálido distintivo, nombrado «huevo de pato» o «como el azul del cielo en un claro entre las nubes después de la lluvia»,12​ de acuerdo con un experto medieval, y sin decoración, aunque sus colores varían hasta uno de color verdeceledón.34​La producción constaba de cuencos, probablemente utilizados para el lavado de pinceles, botellas de vino (hoy llamadas jarras), vasos pequeños e incensarios. Puede considerarse como una forma particular de los productos de celadón.5643

Las cerámicas Ru pertenecen a uno de los cinco grandes hornos identificados por los escritores chinos posteriores. Esta cerámica se reservaba para la corte imperial y, según una fuente contemporánea, solamente aquellas piezas que fueron rechazadas estaban dirigidas a un mercado más amplio. La fuente, Zhou Hui, afirma además, que el esmalte contendía ágata, y cuando fue descubierto la ubicación del horno, en las últimas décadas del novecientos, de hecho había en las proximidades una mina de ágata rica con sílice, un componente normal de los esmaltes.74

Esta cerámica es quizás la primera «cerámica oficial» especialmente encargada para la corte imperial. Parece que se practicó un escrutado análisis de grandes cantidades de cerámica que llegó a la corte, solo conservando algunas y la redistribución de las restantes formó parte de las generosas donaciones destinadas a funcionarios de los tribunales, a los templos, a los soberanos extranjeros, y quizás con algunas se procedió a su venta.89​ La producción acabó cuando, poco después, los hornos fueron ocupados por invasores que conquistaron a la dinastía Song norteña en 1120; la cerámica todavía permaneció con su fama y fue muy buscada.

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汝河
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羑里城遺址 羑里城遗址
羑里城遗址,位于河南省安阳市汤阴县文王路,在汤阴县城北约4千米处的羑(yǒu)里城,羑里城又称文王庙,是有史可据、有址可考的中国历史上第一座监狱,也是周易文化发祥地。“画地为牢”“文王拘而演周易”历史典故均源自于此。羑里城是一处蕴含丰富的龙山至商周时期的文化遗址,其处有7米厚的龙山文化和商周文化遗存,是3000年前殷纣王关押周文王姬昌7年之处,此处也是文王据伏羲八卦推演出64卦384爻,即“文王拘而演《周易》”之圣地。

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李家溝遺址 李家沟遗址
李家沟遗址发现于河南省新密市岳村镇李家沟村以西,该遗址是一处旧石器时代和新石器时代过渡阶段的遗址。通过发掘发现了距今10500年-8600年左右不间断的史前文化堆积。
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隋唐洛阳城遗址
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北宋东京城遗址
北宋东京城遗址,位于河南省开封市鼓楼区朱雀苑广场, 占地约54平方千米。开封素有“七朝古都”之称, 坐落于南北大运河枢纽, 战国的魏,五代的梁、晋、汉、周和北宋,以及金代的后期均曾建都于此。 后周显德三年(956年),东京城始建。北宋定都于此后,多次修筑。历史上曾多次遭受战乱破坏。 北宋东京城,又称“汴梁、汴京”, [4]首次以开放式街巷取代封闭式的里坊制布局,是北宋时期世界较为出名的大都会。 [10]东京城由皇城、内城、外城三部分组成。外城有城门12座,各城门外皆瓮城三重,屈曲开门,另有水门6座,墙上密置敌楼、马面,四围有濠堑等。内城是当时的衙署、寺观、商肆之地,皇城则据内城西北。 北宋东京城遗址为研究中国都城发展史提供了实物资料,在中国城市建筑发展史上起着承先启后的作用,也为研究古代黄河水患、桥梁建筑和开封的演变提供了重要依据。
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三门峡
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三门峡水利枢纽工程

Die Sanmenxia-Talsperre am Gelben Fluss (Huang He) im Osten der Provinz Henan in China ist nach dem Speicherraum die größte Talsperre in Ost- und Südostasien und die zuerst gebaute Talsperre am Gelben Fluss.

 

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