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Catalog Papua-Neuguinea

Catalog Economy and trade
Catalog Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,APEC Catalog Hand in Hand Catalog Papua-Neuguinea Catalog Party and government Catalog Party and government Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,APEC
APEC Papua New Guinea 2018
2018 亚太经济合作组织-巴布亚新几内亚
APEC Papua New Guinea 2018 was the year-long hosting of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meetings in Papua New Guinea.
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Catalog Economy and trade Free trade agreement
Catalog Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,APEC Catalog Australian Capital Territory-ACT Catalog Australia Catalog Beijing Shi-BJ Catalog British Columbia-BC Catalog Brunei Darussalam Catalog Chile Catalog China Catalog Hand in Hand Catalog Hawaii-HI Catalog Hongkong Tebiexingzhengqu-HK Catalog Indonesia Catalog Japan Catalog Canada Catalog Kantō Catalog Kinki Catalog Malaysia Catalog Mexico Catalog New Zealand Catalog New South Wales-NSW Catalog Papua-Neuguinea Catalog Party and government Catalog Party and government Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,APEC Catalog Peru Catalog Philippines Catalog Republic of Korea Catalog Russia Catalog Shanghai Shi-SH Catalog Singapore Catalog Taiwan Sheng-TW Catalog Thailand Catalog United States Catalog Vietnam Catalog Washington-WA Catalog Important International Organizations
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,APEC
亞太經濟合作組織 亚太经济合作组织/亚洲太平洋经济合作组织/Asiatisch-pazifische wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit
Die Asiatisch-Pazifische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (für englisch Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, kurz APEC, auch übersetzt als Asiatisch-Pazifische Wirtschaftskooperation oder Asien-Pazifik-Forum) ist eine internationale Organisation, die es sich zum Ziel gesetzt hat, im pazifischen Raum eine Freihandelszone einzurichten.

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亚太经济合作组织（简称亚太经合组织；英语：Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation，缩写：APEC），是亚太区内各地区之间促进经济成长、合作、贸易、投资的论坛。此组织的创办在历史上取代了该区域的冷战结构，但由于日本在该区域会因过去历史记忆引发负面评价，所以由澳大利亚主导创始事项[1]。

始设于1989年，现有21个经济体成员。亚太经合组织是经济合作的论坛平台，其运作是通过非约束性的承诺与成员的自愿，强调开放对话及平等尊重各成员意见，不同于其他经由条约确立的政府间组织。“APEC”与“Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation”均是亚太经济合作组织的注册商标。[2]

Die Asiatisch-Pazifische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (für englisch Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, kurz APEC, auch übersetzt als Asiatisch-Pazifische Wirtschaftskooperation oder Asien-Pazifik-Forum) ist eine internationale Organisation, die es sich zum Ziel gesetzt hat, im pazifischen Raum eine Freihandelszone einzurichten.

In den 21 APEC-Staaten lebt knapp die Hälfte der Weltbevölkerung. Der Wirtschaftsraum erbringt mehr als die Hälfte der Weltwirtschaftsleistung und ist eine der am schnellsten wachsenden Wirtschaftsregionen der Welt.

アジア太平洋経済協力会議（アジアたいへいようけいざいきょうりょくかいぎ、英: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation）は、環太平洋地域における多国間経済協力を進めるための非公式なフォーラム[2]である。略称、APEC（エイペック[3][4]）。 

「アジア太平洋」という概念が最初に打ち出されたのは、永野重雄が1967年に発足させた太平洋経済委員会（PBEC）という経済団体の設立時であるとされるが[5][6][7]、具体的にこうした地域概念が政府レベルの協力枠組みに発展する萌芽は、1978年、日本の大平正芳首相が就任演説で「環太平洋連帯構想」を呼びかけたことにある。これを具体化した大平政権の政策研究会「環太平洋連帯研究グループ」（議長:大来佐武郎、幹事佐藤誠三郎）の報告を受け、大平がオーストラリアのマルコム・フレイザー首相に提案して強い賛同を得たことが、1980年9月の太平洋経済協力会議（PECC）の設立につながった。PECCは地域における様々な課題を議論し研究するセミナーといった趣のものであったが、これを土台にして、各国政府が正式に参加する会合として設立されたのが、APECである[8][9]。

APECは、1989年にオーストラリアのホーク首相の提唱で、日本・アメリカ合衆国・カナダ・韓国・オーストラリア・ニュージーランド及び当時の東南アジア諸国連合（ASEAN）加盟6か国の計12か国で発足し、同国のキャンベラで閣僚会議（Ministerial Meeting）を開催した。また、1993年には米国のシアトルで初の首脳会議（Economic Leaders' Meeting）がもたれた。現在は、首脳会議、及び、外相、経済担当相による閣僚会議をそれぞれ年1回開いている。シンガポールに常設事務局を置き、開催国から任期1年で事務局長が選任されている[10]。 参加しているメンバーは、21カ国・地域で、2012年現在、人口では世界の41.4％、GDP（国内総生産）では57.8％、貿易額では47％を占めている。

APECは、開かれた地域協力によって経済のブロック化を抑え、域内の貿易・投資の自由化を通じて、世界貿易機関（WTO）のもとでの多角的自由貿易体制を維持・発展することを目的としてきたが、近年のWTOの新ラウンドの停滞や自由貿易協定締結の動きの活発化などによって、その存在意義が問われている。

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies[2] that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Inspired from the success of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)’s series of post-ministerial conferences launched in the mid-1980s, the APEC was established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies and the advent of regional trade blocs in other parts of the world; and to establish new markets for agricultural products and raw materials beyond Europe.[3][4][5] Headquartered in Singapore, the APEC is recognised as one of the oldest forums and highest-level multilateral blocs in the Asia-Pacific region, and exerts a significant global influence.[6][7][8][9][10][11]

An annual APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting is attended by the heads of government of all APEC members except Republic of China (Taiwan) (which is represented by a ministerial-level official under the name Republic of China as economic leader).[12] The location of the meeting rotates annually among the member economies, and a famous tradition, followed for most (but not all) summits, involves the attending leaders dressing in a national costume of the host country. APEC has three official observers: the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Secretariat, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council and the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat.[13] APEC's Host Economy of the Year is considered to be invited in the first place for geographical representation to attend G20 meetings following G20 guidelines.[14][15][16][17]

La Coopération économique pour l'Asie-Pacifique (en anglais : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC) est un forum économique intergouvernemental visant à faciliter la croissance économique, la coopération, les échanges et l'investissement de la région Asie Pacifique. Elle se réunit chaque année1. 

L'Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), ossia Cooperazione Economica Asiatico-Pacifica, è un organismo nato nel 1989 allo scopo di favorire la cooperazione (o, più in generale, la crescita) economica, il libero scambio e gli investimenti nell'area asiatico-pacifica. Tale area (come suggerisce il logo stesso dell'APEC) coincide non solo con l'Asia Pacifica, ma potenzialmente con l'intero Pacific Rim.

L'APEC ha sede a Singapore, Paese considerato una delle tigri dell'Asia.

Dal punto di vista del diritto internazionale l'APEC si definisce organismo e non organizzazione internazionale perché, essendo composto da economie e non da Stati, è privo di una piena personalità giuridica. Ciò spiega, fra l'altro, come mai possano farne parte contemporaneamente la Cina continentale, Hong Kong e Taiwan, ossia tre realtà che, territorialmente (secondo Pechino e secondo tutti i governi che intrattengono relazioni diplomatiche con Pechino), appartengono a un unico Stato: la Repubblica Popolare di Cina.

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, en español Foro de Cooperación Económica Asia-Pacífico) es un foro multilateral creado en 1989, con el fin de consolidar el crecimiento y la prosperidad de los países del Pacífico, que trata temas relacionados con el intercambio comercial, coordinación económica y cooperación entre sus integrantes.1​

Como mecanismo de cooperación y concertación económica, está orientado a la promoción y facilitación del comercio, las inversiones, la cooperación económica y técnica y al desarrollo económico regional de los países y territorios de la cuenca del océano Pacífico. Fomentando un crecimiento económico inclusivo, equitativo, sustentable e innovador.2​

La suma del Producto Nacional Bruto de las veintiuna economías que conforman el APEC equivale al 56 % de la producción mundial, en tanto que en su conjunto representan el 46 % del comercio global.

La APEC no tiene un tratado formal. Sus decisiones se toman por consenso y funciona con base en declaraciones no vinculantes. Tiene una Secretaría General, con sede en Singapur, que es la encargada de coordinar el apoyo técnico y de consultoría. Cada año uno de los países miembros es huésped de la reunión anual de la APEC. La vigésimo novena cumbre se realizó en noviembre de 2017 en Da Nang, Vietnam; y la próxima será en Santiago, Chile.

Азиатско-Тихоокеанское экономическое сотрудничество (АТЭС) (англ. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC) — форум 21 экономики Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона для сотрудничества в области региональной торговли и облегчения и либерализации капиталовложений.

Целью АТЭС является повышение экономического роста, процветания в регионе и укрепление азиатско-тихоокеанского сообщества. В экономиках-участницах проживает около 40 % мирового населения, на них приходится приблизительно 54 % ВВП и 44 % мировой торговли[1].

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Catalog Financial
Catalog Afghanistan Catalog Armenia Catalog Azerbaijan Catalog Asian Development Bank,ADB Catalog Asian Development Bank,ADB Kimimasa Tarumizu Catalog Asian Development Bank,ADB Haruhiko Kuroda Catalog Asian Development Bank,ADB Masao Fujioka Catalog Asian Development Bank,ADB Masatsugu Asakawa Catalog Asian Development Bank,ADB Mitsuo Sato Catalog Asian Development Bank,ADB Shiro Inoue Catalog Asian Development Bank,ADB Tadao Chino Catalog Asian Development Bank,ADB Takehiko Nakao Catalog Asian Development Bank,ADB Takeshi Watanabe Catalog Asian Development Bank,ADB Taroichi Yoshida Catalog Australia Catalog Bangladesh Catalog Bhutan Catalog Brunei Darussalam Catalog China Catalog Denmark Catalog Germany Catalog European Union Catalog Financial International Bank for Cooperation Catalog Finland Catalog France Catalog Georgia Catalog Hongkong Tebiexingzhengqu-HK Catalog India Catalog Indonesia Catalog Ireland Catalog Italy Catalog Japan Catalog Cambodia Catalog Canada Catalog Kasachstan Catalog Kyrgyzstan Catalog Laos Catalog Luxembourg Catalog Malaysia Catalog Mongolei Catalog Myanmar Catalog Nepal Catalog New Zealand Catalog Netherlands Catalog Austria Catalog Pakistan Catalog Papua-Neuguinea Catalog Philippines Catalog Portugal Catalog Republic of Korea Catalog Salomonen Catalog Sweden Catalog Singapore Catalog Sri Lanka Catalog Taiwan Sheng-TW Catalog Takehiko Nakao Catalog Thailand Catalog Tonga Catalog Turkey Catalog Turkmenistan Catalog Uzbekistan Catalog United States Catalog United Kingdom Catalog Vietnam Catalog Important International Organizations Catalog Economy and trade Economic and political research
Asiatische Entwicklungsbank
亚洲开发银行/Asian Development Bank,ADB
Die Asiatische Entwicklungsbank (ADB) ist eine regionale Entwicklungsbank, die am 19. Dezember 1966 gegründet wurde und ihren Hauptsitz im Ortigas Center in der Stadt Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippinen, hat. Die Bank unterhält außerdem 31 Außenstellen in der ganzen Welt, um die soziale und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Asien zu fördern. Von 31 Mitgliedern bei ihrer Gründung hat die ADB heute 68 Mitglieder.
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亚洲开发银行（英语：Asian Development Bank，缩写：ADB，简称亚银、亚行、亚开行），香港旧译亚洲发展银行，属于亚太地区的政府之间金融机构，其目的是为了促进亚洲经济与社会的发展。1966年12月19日成立，有31个创始会员国，目前有68个成员体，其中亚太有49个。总部设置于菲律宾马尼拉并在世界各地拥有31个办事处。亚洲开发银行仿照世界银行的股权制度，依照成员体的资本比例，得到相应比例的投票权。2014年以来，亚洲开发银行发布亚太创意生产指数年度报告。[3][4]亚洲开发银行为联合国观察员。

在2013年年底，日本持有股份15.67％，所占比例最大。美国持有15.56％，中国持有6.47％，印度拥有6.36％，而澳大利亚拥有5.8%。
 
Die Asiatische Entwicklungsbank (englisch Asian Development Bank, kurz ADB) ist eine multilaterale Entwicklungsbank mit Sitz in Manila (Philippinen). 
 
アジア開発銀行（アジアかいはつぎんこう、英: Asian Development Bank, ADB）は、アジア・太平洋における経済成長及び経済協力を助長し、開発途上加盟国の経済発展に貢献することを目的に設立された国際開発金融機関である。日本語で「ア開銀」という略称もある。 

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966,[4] which is headquartered in the Ortigas Center located in the city of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. The company also maintains 31 field offices around the world[5] to promote social and economic development in Asia. The bank admits the members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East or ECAFE) and non-regional developed countries.[6] From 31 members at its establishment, ADB now has 68 members.

The ADB was modeled closely on the World Bank, and has a similar weighted voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with members' capital subscriptions. ADB releases an annual report that summarizes its operations, budget and other materials for review by the public.[7] The ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP) enrolls about 300 students annually in academic institutions located in 10 countries within the Region. Upon completion of their study programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social development of their home countries.[8] ADB is an official United Nations Observer.[9]

As of 31 December 2016, Japan holds the largest proportion of shares at 15.677%, closely followed by United States with 15.567% capital share. China holds 6.473%, India holds 6.359%, and Australia holds 5.812%.
La Banque asiatique de développement (BAD) est une banque de développement régionale créée le 22 août 1966 pour soutenir le développement économique et social dans les pays d'Asie et du Pacifique en fournissant des prêts et de l'assistance technique. La BAD admet les membres de la Commission économique et sociale pour l'Asie et le Pacifique (CESAP) et des pays développés non-régionaux. Elle est une institution financière multilatérale pour le développement. De 31 membres lors de sa création, la BAD s'est agrandie et compte désormais 67 membres, dont 48 de la région et 19 de pays extérieurs2. Sa mission est de libérer la région de la pauvreté et d'améliorer la qualité de vie des habitants, en priorité les 1,9 milliard d'individus vivant avec moins de deux dollars par jour. Malgré quelques succès, deux pauvres sur trois dans le monde habitent en Asie-Pacifique. La BAD a été calquée sur la Banque mondiale, et dispose d'un système de vote pondéré similaire où les votes sont répartis en proportion avec les souscriptions au capital des membres. À la fin de 2013, le Japon détient la plus grande proportion d'actions à 15,67 %. Les États-Unis détiennent 15,56 %, la Chine détient 6,47 %, l'Inde 6,36 %, et l'Australie 5,81 %3. Depuis 2014, la BAD publie son rapport annuel de l'indice de la productivité et créativité et comprend la Finlande et les États-Unis pour la liste des membres de l'Asie-Pacifique notamment4. 
 
L'Asian Development Bank (AsDB) è una banca regionale istituita nel 1966 per promuovere lo sviluppo delle nazioni Asiatiche e dell'area del Pacifico, concedendo finanziamenti e consulenza tecnica. 
 

El Banco Asiático de Desarrollo (BAsD) es una organización financiera para el desarrollo económico de Asia y el Pacífico. Su objetivo principal es la erradicación de la pobreza y facilitar ayudas para mejorar el nivel de vida de la población de la región a través de préstamos y colaboración técnica.

Creado en 1966 por 31 países. Hoy cuenta con 67 miembros (48 regionales y 19 no regionales). Estados Unidos y Japón son sus principales accionistas, con el 15,6% del capital cada uno.

El Banco tiene como su principal objetivo la lucha contra la pobreza. Para ello busca promover el crecimiento económico y la cooperación en la región de Asia-Pacífico, y acelerar el proceso de desarrollo económico de sus países miembros. Las dos terceras partes de personas pobres del mundo (aquellos que viven con menos de dos dólares diarios por persona), cerca de 1.800 millones de pobres, viven en esta región. El BAsD aprobó una nueva Estrategia a Largo Plazo (2008-2020) centrada en un crecimiento económico, medioambientalmente sostenible e integración regional.

Азиа́тский банк разви́тия (англ. Asian Development Bank) — банк, основанный в 1966 году, его главной задачей является стимулировать рост экономики в Азии и на Дальнем Востоке, направляя в эти регионы прямые займы и оказывая техническое содействие.

Штаб-квартира в Маниле (Филиппины). Президентом АБР с 28 апреля 2013 года является японец Такэхико Накао. 17 января 2020 года президентом станет Масацугу Асакава, избранный 2 декабря 2019 года[1].

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Catalog Geography
Catalog *UK political system Catalog Antigua and Barbuda Catalog Australia Catalog Bahamas Catalog Bangladesh Catalog Barbados Catalog Belize Catalog Botsuana Catalog Brunei Darussalam Catalog Commonwealth of Nations Catalog Dominica Catalog Ghana Catalog Grenada Catalog Guyana Catalog India Catalog Jamaika Catalog Cameroon Catalog Canada Catalog Kenya Catalog Kiribati Catalog Lesotho Catalog Malawi Catalog Malaysia Catalog Malediven Catalog Malta Catalog Mosambik Catalog Namibia Catalog Nauru Catalog New Zealand Catalog Nigeria Catalog Pakistan Catalog Papua-Neuguinea Catalog Salomonen Catalog Sambia Catalog Samoa Catalog Seychellen Catalog Sierra Leone Catalog Singapore Catalog Sri Lanka Catalog Saint Kitts and Nevis Catalog St. Vincent and the Grenadines Catalog South Africa Catalog Swasiland Catalog Tansania Catalog Tonga Catalog Trinidad und Tobago Catalog Tuvalu Catalog Uganda Catalog Vanuatu Catalog United Kingdom Catalog Important International Organizations Catalog Cyprus
Commonwealth of Nations
英联邦
Das Commonwealth of Nations oder kurz das Commonwealth (bis 1947 British Commonwealth of Nations) ist eine lose Verbindung souveräner Staaten, die in erster Linie vom Vereinigten Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland und dessen ehemaligen Kolonien gebildet wird. Die Gründung geht auf das Jahr 1931 zurück. Sportliches Großereignis des Commonwealth sind die alle vier Jahre stattfindenden Commonwealth Games.
 
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英联邦（英语：Commonwealth of Nations，新马作共和联邦，台湾作大英国协），是一个现代的国际组织，由56个英语系的主权国家联合而成。

英联邦不是一个统一的联邦国家，而是一个国际组织，英联邦也无权约束旗下任何成员国内政。英联邦元首通常由英国君主兼任，其首任元首是乔治六世，现任是查尔斯三世，但元首并无实权，秘书长才是英联邦实际上的掌权者[4][5]。该组织的成员国基本由英国及其旧殖民地组成，也以英式英语为共通语言，但英国的地位并没有凌驾于他国之上，所有成员国一律平等。目前英联邦有56个成员国，其中15个属于英联邦王国，英联邦王国的国家元首、英联邦元首均和英国的一致，即现在的查尔斯三世；另外5个属于独立君主国，它们不以英国君主为自己的元首，而是自立君主，这五国是文莱、斯威士兰、莱索托、马来西亚、汤加；其余的36个均属于共和国，没有君主。

 
 
Das Commonwealth of Nations (bis 1947 British Commonwealth of Nations) ist eine lose Verbindung souveräner Staaten, welche in erster Linie vom Vereinigten Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland und dessen ehemaligen Kolonien gebildet wird. Die Gründung geht auf das Jahr 1931 zurück. Sportliches Großereignis des Commonwealth sind die alle vier Jahre stattfindenden Commonwealth Games. 
 
イギリス連邦（イギリスれんぽう、英語: Commonwealth of Nations、旧名: British Commonwealth）は、かつてのイギリス帝国（大英帝国）がその前身となって発足し、主にイギリスとその植民地であった独立の主権国家から成る、緩やかな国家連合（集合体）である。英連邦（えいれんぽう）ともいう。実態は、民族の共通の利益の中で、また国際的な理解と世界平和の促進の中で、協議し、協力する自発的な独立の主権国の組織である（コモンウェルス原則の宣言前文）と再定義され、ゆるやかな独立主権国家の連合となった（一国の国家形態としての連邦国家ではなく、また構成国各国は必ずしも同君連合の関係にあるとも限らない）。 

The Commonwealth of Nations, generally known simply as the Commonwealth,[3] is a political association of 53 member states, nearly all of them former territories of the British Empire.[4] The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations between member states.[5]

The Commonwealth dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was originally created as the British Commonwealth of Nations[6] through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference, and formalised by the United Kingdom through the Statute of Westminster in 1931. The current Commonwealth of Nations was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which modernised the community and established the member states as "free and equal".[7]

The human symbol of this free association is the Head of the Commonwealth, currently Queen Elizabeth II, and the 2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting appointed Charles, Prince of Wales to be her designated successor, although the position is not technically hereditary. The Queen is the head of state of 16 member states, known as the Commonwealth realms, while 32 other members are republics and five others have different monarchs.

Member states have no legal obligations to one another, but are connected through their use of the English language and historical ties. Their stated shared values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law are enshrined in the Commonwealth Charter[8] and promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games.

The countries of the Commonwealth cover more than 29,958,050 km2 (11,566,870 sq mi), equivalent to 20% of the world's land area, and span all six inhabited continents.

Le Commonwealth ou Commonwealth of Nations (littéralement, la « Communauté des Nations ») est une organisation intergouvernementale composée de 53 États membres qui sont presque tous d'anciens territoires de l'Empire britannique.

Le Commonwealth a émergé au milieu du XXe siècle pendant le processus de décolonisation. Il est formellement constitué par la Déclaration de Londres de 1949 qui fait des États membres des partenaires « libres et égaux ». Le symbole de cette libre association est la reine Élisabeth II qui est chef du Commonwealth. La reine est également le chef d'État monarchique des 16 royaumes du Commonwealth. Les autres États membres sont 32 républiques et cinq monarchies dont le monarque est différent.

Les États membres n'ont aucune obligation les uns envers les autres. Ils sont réunis par la langue, l'histoire et la culture et des valeurs décrites dans la Charte du Commonwealth telles que la démocratie, les droits humains et l'état de droit.

Les États du Commonwealth couvrent 29 958 050 km2 de territoire sur les cinq continents habités. Sa population est estimée à 2,328 milliards d'habitants.

Il Commonwealth delle Nazioni o Commonwealth (acronimo CN) è un'organizzazione intergovernativa di 53 Stati membri indipendenti, tutti accomunati, eccetto il Mozambico e il Ruanda, da un passato storico di appartenenza all'Impero britannico, del quale il Commonwealth è una sorta di sviluppo su base volontaria. La popolazione complessiva degli stati che vi aderiscono è di oltre due miliardi di persone. La parola Commonwealth deriva dall'unione di common (comune) e wealth (benessere), cioè benessere comune.

In passato fu noto anche come Commonwealth britannico, benché tale definizione esistette formalmente solo dalla fondazione nel 1926 fino al 1948.

La Mancomunidad de Naciones (en inglés: Commonwealth of Nations)?, antiguamente Mancomunidad Británica de Naciones (British Commonwealth of Nations), es una organización compuesta por 53 países soberanos independientes y semi independientes que, con la excepción de Mozambique y Ruanda,1​ comparten lazos históricos con el Reino Unido. Su principal objetivo es la cooperación internacional en el ámbito político y económico, y desde 1950 la pertenencia a ella no implica sumisión alguna a la Corona británica, aunque se respeta la figura de la reina del Reino Unido. Con el ingreso de Mozambique, la organización ha favorecido el término Mancomunidad de Naciones para subrayar su carácter internacionalista. Sin embargo, el adjetivo británico se sigue utilizando con frecuencia para diferenciarla de otras mancomunidades existentes a nivel internacional.

La reina Isabel II del Reino Unido es la cabeza de la organización, según los principios de la Mancomunidad, «símbolo de la libre asociación de sus miembros».

 Содру́жество на́ций (англ. Commonwealth of Nations, до 1946 года — Британское Содружество наций — англ. British Commonwealth of Nations), кратко именуемое просто Содружество (англ. The Commonwealth) — добровольное объединение суверенных государств, в которое входят Великобритания и почти все её бывшие доминионы, колонии и протектораты. Членами Содружества также являются Мозамбик, Руанда, Намибия и Камерун[2].

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Catalog Eat and Drink *Coffee brands
Catalog Papua-Neuguinea
Kaffee aus Papua-Neuguinea
巴布亞紐幾內亞咖啡 巴布亚新几内亚咖啡

Papua-Neuguine besteht aus einer Inselgruppe und schließt die Hälfte der Insel New Guinea ein. Östlich von Indonesien befindet sich das Papua-Neuguinea zwischen dem Korallenmeer und dem Südpazifik.

Die Gesamtfläche beträgt 462.840 km² und entspricht Rang 55 aller Länder der Welt.

Das Klima ist tropisch und wird vom Monsun bestimmt: Dezember bis März Nordwest-Monson, Mai bis Oktober Südost-Monsun. Die jahreszeitlich bedingten Temperaturschwankungen fallen gering aus.

Das Gelände ist insbesondere auf der Hauptinsel Neuguinea überwiegend bergig. Der Mount Wilhelm markiert mit 4.509m zwar den höchsten Punkt des Landes Papua-Neuguinea. Auf der dem indonesischen Teil der Insel Neu Guinea liegt allerdings der mit 4.884m noch höhere Puncak Jaya. An den Küsten finden sich Tiefebenen und leicht ansteigende Gebirgsausläufern.

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Lihir-Gold-Mine

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Melanesien
美拉尼西亞 美拉尼西亚/Melanesia
Melanesien (von altgriechisch μέλας melas „schwarz“ und νῆσος nēsos „Insel“) nennt man die pazifischen Inselgruppen, die von dunkelhäutigen Menschen besiedelt wurden, die weder polynesische noch mikronesische Sprachen sprechen. Die Inseln liegen nordöstlich von Australien.

美拉尼西亚（Melanesia，源于希腊语Μελανησία）是太平洋三大岛群之一（其馀两个为密克罗尼西亚和玻里尼西亚），意为“黑人群岛”。由俾斯麦群岛、所罗门群岛、新赫布里底群岛、新喀里多尼亚群岛、斐济群岛等组成。陆地总面积约15.5万平方公里（不含新几内亚岛），各岛多火山。

Melanesien (von altgriechisch μέλας melas „schwarz“ und νῆσος nēsos „Insel“) nennt man die pazifischen Inselgruppen, die von dunkelhäutigen Menschen besiedelt wurden, die weder polynesische noch mikronesische Sprachen sprechen. Die Inseln liegen nordöstlich von Australien.

Lage Flagge Land Hauptstadt Fläche in km² Bevölkerung
Papua-Neuguinea Port Moresby 462.840 8.251.000
Salomonen Honiara 28.896 622.469
Fidschi Suva 18.274 915.696
Vanuatu Port Vila 12.190 258.000
Papua
Provinz von Indonesien		 Jayapura 365.466 3.149.400
Papua Barat
Provinz von Indonesien		 Manokwari 115.364 871.500
Neukaledonien
Frankreich		 Nouméa 18.576 280.460
Torres-Strait-Inseln
Australien		 Thursday Island 48.000
(Landfläche 566 km²)		 4.514
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Neuguinea
新幾內亞 新几内亚/New Guinea
Neuguinea (Tok Pisin: Niugini; niederländisch: Nieuw-Guinea; malaiisch: Papua) ist mit einer Fläche von 786.000 km² nach Grönland die zweitgrößte Insel der Erde.

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Pacific Islands Forum
太平洋岛国论坛
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Palmöl-produzierende Länder
棕榈油生产国

 

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巴布亞新畿內亞國家足球隊 巴布亚新畿内亚国家足球队/Papua New Guinea national football team
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