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| Last Modified on November 21, 2022 *Capacity noted in (MW) |
| Plant | Location | Feedstock | Capacity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agrilectric Power Partners Ltd. | LA | Rice hulls | 12.00 |
| Albany Green Energy | GA | Forest residue, urban wood waste, pecan shells, peanut hulls | 50.00 |
| Allendale Biomass | SC | Mill/forestry residue | 20.00 |
| Altavista Power Station | VA | Woody biomass | 51.00 |
| Arnold O. Chantland Incineration Plant | IA | MSW/Refused-derived fuel (RDF) | 4.00 |
| Barron County Waste-to-Energy & Recycling Facility | WI | MSW | 2.00 |
| Bay Front Power Plant | WI | Wood waste | 56.00 |
| Biomass One | OR | Logging/wood debris | 30.00 |
| Bridgewater Power LP | NH | Woody biomass | 20.00 |
| Buckeye Florida Biomass | FL | Wood waste, black liquor | 69.40 |
| Burgess BioPower | NH | Wood waste | 75.00 |
| Burney Forest Power | CA | Wood waste | 31.00 |
| Cadillac Renewable Energy | MI | Forest residue | 40.00 |
| City of Spokane Waste to Energy Facility | WA | MSW | 22.00 |
| Collins Pine Co. Power Plant | CA | Forest thinnings/residue | 12.00 |
| Covanta Alexandria | VA | MSW | 22.00 |
| Covanta Babylon | NY | MSW | 17.00 |
| Covanta Bristol | CT | MSW | 16.00 |
| Covanta Camden | NJ | MSW | 21.00 |
| Covanta Dade | FL | MSW, wood waste | 77.00 |
| Covanta Delaware Valley | PA | MSW | 87.00 |
| Covanta Essex | NJ | MSW | 66.00 |
| Covanta Fairfax | VA | MSW | 93.00 |
| Covanta Harrisburg | PA | MSW | 21.00 |
| Covanta Haverhill | MA | MSW | 45.00 |
| Covanta Hempstead | NY | MSW | 72.00 |
| Covanta Hillsborough | FL | MSW | 47.00 |
| Covanta Honolulu | HI | MSW | 90.00 |
| Covanta Huntington | NY | MSW | 24.00 |
| Covanta Indianapolis | IN | MSW | 6.50 |
| Covanta Kent | MI | MSW | 17.00 |
| Covanta Lake | FL | MSW | 15.00 |
| Covanta Lancaster | PA | MSW | 33.00 |
| Covanta Lee | FL | MSW | 57.00 |
| Covanta Long Beach | CA | MSW | 36.00 |
| Covanta MacArthur | NY | MSW | 12.00 |
| Covanta Marion | OR | MSW | 13.00 |
| Covanta Montgomery | MD | MSW | 63.00 |
| Covanta Niagara | NY | MSW | 50.00 |
| Covanta Onondaga | NY | MSW | 39.00 |
| Covanta Palm Beach Renewable Energy #1 | FL | MSW | 62.00 |
| Covanta Palm Beach Renewable Energy #2 | FL | MSW | 95.00 |
| Covanta Pasco | FL | MSW | 30.00 |
| Covanta Pinellas | FL | MSW | 75.00 |
| Covanta Plymouth | PA | MSW | 32.00 |
| Covanta SECONN | CT | MSW | 17.00 |
| Covanta SEMASS | MA | MSW | 78.00 |
| Covanta Stanislaus | CA | MSW | 22.00 |
| Covanta Tulsa | OK | MSW | 17.00 |
| Covanta Union | NJ | MSW | 42.00 |
| Covanta York | PA | MSW | 42.00 |
| Cox Waste-to-Energy | KY | Wood waste | 5.00 |
| Craven County Wood Energy | NC | Wood chips, forestry residue, mill waste, bark, sawdust, poultry litter | 50.00 |
| Deerhaven Renewable Generating Station | FL | Wood waste | 102.50 |
| Desert View Power | CA | Woody biomass | 45.00 |
| DG Fairhaven Power | CA | Wood waste | 18.00 |
| Dillard Complex Cogeneration Plant | OR | Mill residue | 51.50 |
| Dorchester Biomass | SC | Mill/forestry residue | 20.00 |
| Douglas County Forest Products | OR | Wood residue | 6.00 |
| DTE Stockton Biomass Power | CA | Woody biomass, ag residue | 45.00 |
| Eagle Valley Clean Energy | CO | Forest restoration thinnings/residue | 12.00 |
| Ecomaine Waste-to-Energy Plant | ME | MSW | 14.00 |
| Evergreen Biopower LLC | OR | Mill residue | 10.00 |
| Fernandina Biomass Plant | FL | Mill residuals | 22.50 |
| French Island Generating Station | WI | MSW/RDF, wood waste, railroad ties | 28.00 |
| Genesee Power Station | MI | Landscaping/storm debris, waste wood | 40.00 |
| Grayling Generating Station | MI | Forestry residue, mill waste, bark | 38.00 |
| Green Energy Team LLC | HI | Eucalyptus, albizia | 7.50 |
| GRP-Franklin LLC | GA | C&D waste | 65.00 |
| GRP-Madison LLC | GA | C&D waste | 65.00 |
| Halifax County Biomass Plant | VA | Logging waste, forest slash | 49.90 |
| Hennepin Energy Recovery Center | MN | MSW | 40.00 |
| Hillman Power LLC | MI | Wood waste | 20.00 |
| Honey Lake Power | CA | High-hazard forest material/thinnings | 30.00 |
| Hopewell Power Station | VA | Woody biomass | 51.00 |
| Joseph C McNeil Generating Station | VT | Logging residue, bark, shavings, clean urban wood waste | 50.00 |
| Kapstone Kraft Paper Corp.-Longview | WA | Mill residue, wood waste | 25.00 |
| Kettle Falls Generating Station | WA | Logging/mill residue | 53.00 |
| Koda Energy LLC | MN | Oat/rice hulls, corn, barley and malt screening, urban tree waste | 23.40 |
| L'Anse Warden Electric Company | MI | Wood waste, railroad ties | 20.00 |
| M.L. Hibbard Energy Center | MN | Wood waste | 72.80 |
| Macon Mill | GA | Logging waste | 38.00 |
| McKay Bay Refuse-to-Energy Plant | FL | MSW | 22.00 |
| McKinley Paper Cogeneration Facility | WA | Logging/mill residue | 9.50 |
| Merced Power | CA | Ag waste | 12.50 |
| MMWAC Resource Recovery Facility | ME | MSW | 5.00 |
| Mt. Poso Cogeneration Co. LLC | CA | Wood waste | 44.00 |
| Multitrade Rabun Gap | GA | Woody biomass | 18.00 |
| National Energy-Lincoln | MI | Wood waste | 18.00 |
| National Energy-McBain | MI | Wood waste | 18.00 |
| North Carolina Renewable Power | NC | C&D waste, wood waste, poultry litter | 22.00 |
| North Fork Community Power | CA | High-hazard forest material | 2.00 |
| Novo BioPower LLC | AZ | Wood waste | 27.00 |
| Okeelanta Biomass Cogeneration | FL | Baggasse, natural gas | 74.90 |
| Olmsted Waste-To-Energy Facility | MN | MSW | 9.60 |
| Oswego Energy Recovery Facility | NY | MSW | 4.00 |
| Pacific Ultrapower Chinese Station | CA | Woody biomass | 25.00 |
| Penobscot Energy Recovery | ME | MSW | 25.00 |
| Piedmont Green Power | GA | Urban wood waste, mill and logging residue | 55.00 |
| Plainfield Renewable Energy | CT | C&D/forestry waste | 37.50 |
| Plummer Cogen | ID | Wood waste | 6.20 |
| Potlatch Land & Lumber Power Plant | AR | Bark, sawdust, shavings | 10.00 |
| Rapids Energy Center | MN | Logging/mill residue | 28.60 |
| Red Wing Generating Station | MN | MSW/RDF | 22.00 |
| ReEnergy Black River | NY | Woody biomass | 60.00 |
| ReEnergy Livermore Falls | ME | Forest residue, C&D waste | 39.00 |
| ReEnergy Stratton | ME | Forest/mill residue | 48.00 |
| Resolute Forest Products Coosa Pines | AL | Wood-processing waste | 30.00 |
| Rio Bravo Fresno | CA | Ag/urban wood waste | 24.30 |
| Rio Bravo Rocklin | CA | High-hazard forest material, ag/urban waste | 24.40 |
| RockTenn-Tacoma Mill | WA | Mill residue | 55.00 |
| Roseburg Forest Products Biomass | CA | Wood waste | 13.00 |
| Rothschild Biomass Cogeneration Plant | WI | Urban wood waste, mill residue | 50.00 |
| Savannah River Site Biomass Cogeneration Facility | SC | Forest residue | 20.00 |
| Scotia Cogen | CA | Wood waste | 28.00 |
| SDS Lumber Gorge Energy Division | WA | Logging/mill residue | 10.00 |
| Shasta-Sustainable Resource Management | CA | Wood waste, forest residue | 56.00 |
| Southampton Power Station | VA | Woody biomass | 51.00 |
| Southern Co. Nacogdoches Generating Facility | TX | Forest/wood processing residue | 115.00 |
| SPI-Aberdeen Biomass Power | WA | Logging/mill residue | 18.00 |
| SPI-Anderson Biomass Power | CA | Logging/mill residue | 30.00 |
| SPI-Burlington Biomass Power | WA | Logging/mill residue | 28.00 |
| SPI-Burney | CA | Logging/mill residue | 20.00 |
| SPI-Eugene | OR | Mill, forest residue | 19.80 |
| SPI-Lincoln Biomass Power | CA | Logging/mill residue | 18.00 |
| SPI-Quincy Biomass Power | CA | Mill residue | 35.20 |
| SPI-Sonora Biomass Power | CA | Logging/mill residue | 10.90 |
| St. Paul Cogeneration LLC | MN | Urban wood residue | 33.00 |
| Stoltze Cogeneration Power Plant | MT | Mill residue | 3.00 |
| Stored Solar Bethlehem | NH | Logging residue, forest thinnings | 20.00 |
| Stored Solar Fitchburg | MA | Woody biomass | 17.00 |
| Stored Solar Jonesboro | ME | Woody biomass | 25.00 |
| Stored Solar Ryegate | VT | Woody biomass | 20.00 |
| Stored Solar Springfield | NH | Woody biomass | 19.00 |
| Stored Solar Tamworth | NH | Woody biomass | 20.00 |
| Stored Solar West Enfield | ME | Woody biomass | 25.00 |
| Stored Solar Whitefield | NH | Woody biomass | 15.00 |
| Telogia Power | FL | Logging/mill residue, hog fuel, peanut hulls | 14.00 |
| U.S. Sugar Corp. Cogeneration Plant | FL | Bagasse | 50.00 |
| Virginia City Hybrid Energy Center | VA | *Woody biomass | 120.00 |
| Wadham Energy LP | CA | Rice hulls | 30.00 |
| Westervelt Renewable Energy Moundville | AL | Wood waste | 13.00 |
| WestRock Covington | VA | Logging, papermaking residue | 75.00 |
| Wheelabrator Baltimore | MD | MSW | 64.50 |
| Wheelabrator Bridgeport | CT | MSW | 67.00 |
| Wheelabrator Concord | NH | MSW | 14.00 |
| Wheelabrator Dutchess County | NY | MSW | 9.00 |
| Wheelabrator Falls | PA | MSW | 53.00 |
| Wheelabrator Gloucester | NJ | MSW | 14.00 |
| Wheelabrator Hudson Falls | NY | MSW | 14.00 |
| Wheelabrator Lisbon | CT | MSW | 15.00 |
| Wheelabrator Millbury | MA | MSW | 48.00 |
| Wheelabrator North Andover | MA | MSW | 40.00 |
| Wheelabrator Portsmouth | VA | MSW | 60.00 |
| Wheelabrator Saugus | MA | MSW | 54.00 |
| Wheelabrator South Broward | FL | MSW | 66.00 |
| Wheelabrator Westchester LP | NY | MSW | 60.00 |
| Wilmarth Generating Station | MN | MSW/RDF, woody biomass | 18.00 |
| Woodland Biomass Power | CA | Wood chips, urban wood waste, ag waste | 25.00 |
| Total Plants: 159 | Total capacity(MW): | 5,583.90 |
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Financial
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United States Department of Energy
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United States Department of Energy
Bonneville Power Administration
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Universities in the USA
A college endowment refers to all the money that an institution receives in donations. However, endowment funds are not ‘no-questions-asked’ cash boosts for the college. Instead, endowments are tightly controlled investments that are supposed to be grown so that the interest can be used to upgrade facilities, hire new staff, provide scholarships or aid the college or its students in some way.
Over the past three decades, the total market value of the 20 largest college endowments has grown nearly tenfold — from $30.6 billion to $302.1 billion. As the size of college endowments has increased, so too has the debate over their purpose, management and ethical obligations.
To get a better idea of how college endowments have changed over the last 30 years, DegreeQuery looked at the market value of the 20 largest U.S. college endowments from 1990 to 2020.
30 Years of U.S. college endowments
Based on the most recent NACUBO survey of 810 universities, the total market value of endowments in 2018 was $624.3 billion. 48.3% of that is held by just 20 colleges. But why the huge growth in market value over the past 30 years? It might be something to do with how much of the endowment the university chooses to spend on operations or the return rates of the endowment’s investment portfolio. Due to their often wealthy donor base and long-term investment horizons, the largest university endowments can invest in a diverse array of asset classes, and often grow faster than the economy as a whole.
From 1990 to 2020, the market value of the 20 largest college endowments grew at an average annual rate of 8.5% — faster than the 6.6% average annual growth rate for the Fortune 500 over the same period. The universities with the fastest growth over the past 30 years include the University of Michigan, Duke University and the University of Notre Dame. Meanwhile, the endowments with the slowest growth include Emory University, Rice University and Washington University in St. Louis.
1. U.S. college endowments in the 1990s
From 1990 to 1999, the market value of the 20 largest U.S. college endowments grew at an average annual rate of 12.5% — the fastest of the last three decades. As you can see from our graph, over this period, the University of Michigan endowment rose from the 20th largest to the 17th largest, and the University of Pennsylvania rose from the 16th largest to the 12th largest. Meanwhile, the Columbia University endowment fell from the sixth-largest to the 11th largest. Although the University of Texas System endowment had the slowest growth of the 20 largest endowments over this period, it remained the second-largest endowment overall.
2. U.S. college endowments in the 2000s
Endowment growth is closely connected with the overall health of the economy. As of 2018, just 4% of endowment assets were held as cash, the rest invested in equities, fixed income instruments and alternative investment vehicles. In the lead up to the 2008 financial crisis — university endowments had increasingly invested in high-risk, illiquid investments like private equity, real estate and hedge funds. As a result, endowments lost tens of billions of dollars in value, with some schools losing more than 25% of their total endowment value. From 2008 to 2009, the total value of the 20 largest endowments fell 3.4%. Yale posted the largest percentage decline, losing 28.6% of its market value. Other university endowments that posted big losses from the recession include Harvard, Duke and Stanford.
3. U.S. college endowments in the 2010s
Endowment growth rates rebounded in the wake of the Great Recession, although growth was still slow compared to the 1990s. From 2010 to 2018, the market value of the 20 largest endowments grew at an average annual rate of 7.6%. This is more than the 3.5% average annual growth rate for 2000 to 2009, yet less than the 12.5% rate for 1990 to 1999. During this period, the biggest winners were the University of Pennsylvania, rising from 11th to 7th largest, and the Texas A&M University System, which rose from 10th to 8th largest. Lackluster performance at some of the wealthiest schools has prompted some universities to make major changes to their endowment management. In 2017, for example, Harvard announced it would lay off roughly half of its 230-person staff in the wake of poor investment performance.
As you can see, university endowments were big business over the past 30 years. Nowadays, students, policymakers and the general public are increasingly involved in the conversation surrounding their management, mission and societal impact. For example, the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which imposed a 1.4% tax on the net investment income of the wealthiest endowments, recently sparked a wave of criticism from university administrators. Elsewhere on campus, protesting students demanded their universities divest from fossil fuel companies.
As the debate rages on and endowments continue to grow, these visualizations help us see how we got to this point.
Methodology
To get a better idea of how college endowments have changed over the last 30 years, DegreeQuery looked at the market value of the 20 largest U.S. college endowments from 1990 to 2018. Data on endowment asset value by university came from the National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) and is unadjusted for inflation. In years when certain universities did not participate in the NACUBO survey, we estimated the endowment value based on the compound annual growth rate for all available years. Estimated figures include the market value of the endowment assets for the Texas A&M University System for 1990, as well as the market value of the endowment assets for the University of California system for the years 1990 through 1992.
SOURCES
Fortune 500. (n.d.) Fortune 500 2018. fortune.com
NACUBO. (2019). Detailed Asset Allocations for U.S. College and University Endowments and Affiliated Foundations, FY18. nacubo.org
Miller, C. & Fabrikant, G. (2008). Universities retrench as endowments suffer from financial crisis. nytimes.com
Humphreys, J. et al. (2010). Educational Endowments and the Financial Crisis: Social Costs and Systemic Risks in the Shadow Banking System. tellus.org
Plender, J. (2014). There is a history lesson to be learnt from Yale endowment. ft.com
Fabrikant, G. (2017). Harvard Makes Changes in Managing a Lagging Endowment. nytimes.com
Tax Policy Center. (n.d.). What is the tax treatment of college and university endowments? taxpolicycenter.org
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联邦储备系统（英语：Federal Reserve System, Fed），全称美国联邦储备系统（美联储），也称美国联邦储备理事会（联储会），是美国的中央银行体系。由美国国会通过1913年的《联邦储备法案》而创设，以避免再度发生类似1907年的银行危机。
联邦储备系统包括：“联邦储备系统理事会”（Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System）、“联邦公开市场委员会”（Federal Open Market Committee）、“联邦储备银行” （Federal Reserve Banks）、约三千家会员银行、及三个咨询委员会（Advisory Councils）。美国联邦储备系统是以私有形式组织的行使公共目的的私营银行系统。美国政府虽不拥有美联储的股份，但美联储的94%利润（2009年 总利润为450亿美元）转交给美国财政部，剩余6%用于给会员银行发放股息；同时，美国政府任命美联储的所有高级雇员。本·伯南克（Ben Shalom Bernanke）为现任美联储理事会主席。
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