Deutsch-Chinesische Enzyklopädie, 德汉百科

       
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Catalog Hunan Sheng-HN

Catalog Transport and traffic Railway
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CHINA RAILWAY Express
中歐班列 中欧班列
Der Produktname Trans-Eurasia-Express wurde für eine kommerzielle Güterzugverbindung zwischen China in Asien und mehreren Zielbahnhöfen in Europa geschaffen. Inzwischen gibt es eine Reihe weiterer Anbieter solcher Verbindungen zwischen China und Westeuropa.
 
Der Produktname Trans-Eurasia-Express wurde für eine kommerzielle Güterzugverbindung zwischen China in Asien und mehreren Zielbahnhöfen in Europa geschaffen. Inzwischen gibt es eine Reihe weiterer Anbieter solcher Verbindungen zwischen China und Westeuropa. 
 

中欧班列（英语译名：China Railway Express 或 China-Europe Railway Express[1][2]，简称为 CR express[3]）是指按照固定车次、线路、班期和全程运行时刻开行，往来于中国与欧洲以及一带一路沿线各国的集装箱国际铁路联运班列，其中一班是从中国陜西省西安市开往欧洲的火车。[4]为加强与欧洲国家的商业贸易联络，中国政府和中国国家铁路集团与中亚和欧洲各国铁路系统协作，从起初重庆到德国的杜伊斯堡，发展到国内通达城市82个，国外通达欧亚国家的160多个城市，形成了阿拉山口、霍尔果斯、二连浩特、满洲里、绥芬河五大出境口岸，重庆、成都、西安、郑州、乌鲁木齐五大集结中心[5]，开行从中国大陆到达最远伦敦、汉堡等地的国际联运列车。[3]

中欧班列也是世界上最长的货运铁路线，连接中国、哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯、白俄罗斯、波兰、德国、法国、西班牙和伦敦。

Trans-Eurasia Logistics, AKA CHINA RAILWAY Express[1], was a joint venture between German rail company Deutsche Bahn and Russian RZhD, China Railway Corporation from China, Russian Railway Company, Russia operating container freight trains between Germany and China via Russia. The first such train arrived in Hamburg from Xiangtan on 6 October 2008, taking 17 days to make the trip.[2] Intermodal companies Polzug, Kombiverkehr, and TransContainer are also involved in the project.[3]

Container trains travel from China to Germany via the Trans-Mongolian and Trans-Siberian Railways, and then via Belarus and Poland - the route collectively known as the "Eurasian Land Bridge".[3] A break of gauge needs to be crossed when entering Mongolia from China (or Russia directly from China, if traveling via Manzhouli/Zabaykalsk), and then another one when leaving Belarus for Poland.

Trans-Eurasia Logistics operates the Yiwu - Madrid Railway line, which is the longest goods railway line in the world and connects China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland, Germany, France and Spain. [4]

Trans-Eurasia Logistics est une coentreprise entre la Deutsche Bahn, la Kasachstan Temir Scholy, la China Railway Corporation et la Compagnie des chemins de fer russes, fondée en 20081

Elle permet à des trains de fret entre l'Allemagne et la Chine via la Russie, de réaliser ce trajet en dix-huit jours2.

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Catalog Companies Mainland China,Hong Kong,Macau,Taiwan
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China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation Limited
中国中车股份有限公司/CRRC Corporation Limited
 
 
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Die China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation Limited (CRRC) ist der größte Schienenfahrzeughersteller und einer der größten Industriekonzerne der Welt; er hat seinen Hauptsitz in Peking in der Volksrepublik China.
 
 
 
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Catalog Sport Cycling
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China-Rundfahrt
环中国国际公路自行车赛/Tour of China
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Catalog Hunan Sheng-HN
Chinese Publishers Association
中国出版协会

 

 

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Catalog History G 1500 - 1000 BC
Catalog Anhui Sheng-AH Catalog Chongqing Shi-CQ Catalog History H 1000 - 500 BC Catalog History I 500 - 0 BC Catalog Guizhou Sheng-GZ Catalog Henan Sheng-HA Catalog Hubei Sheng-HB Catalog Hunan Sheng-HN Catalog Jiangsu Sheng-JS Catalog Jiangxi Sheng-JX Catalog Shandong Sheng-SD Catalog Shanghai Shi-SH Catalog Sichuan Sheng-SC Catalog Zhejiang Sheng-ZJ
Chu-Staat
楚国
创始年 前11世纪中叶 始祖 季连 灭亡年 前223年 国都 迁都顺序： 1. 丹阳 2. 鄢郢 3. 纪郢 4. 陈郢 5. 寿郢 6. 彭城 楚国，又称荆国、荆楚，起源于商朝，周朝诸侯国。楚国是春秋战国时期的强国，在春秋时被中原诸侯视为蛮夷，楚庄王是春秋五霸之一，楚国后来亦是战国七雄之一。楚国国君芈姓熊氏，最早兴起于丹江流域的丹水和淅水交汇的淅川一带。战国中期楚国到达全盛，极盛时期疆域西起大巴山，东到大海，北至淮汜，南达五岭。
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Chu (chinesisch 楚, Pinyin Chǔ, W.-G. Ch'u) war ein Königreich im Gebiet des heutigen Süd-China während der Westlichen Zhou-Dynastie (1046 bis 771 v. Chr.), der Zeit der Frühlings- und Herbstannalen (722 bis 481 v. Chr.) und der Zeit der Streitenden Reiche (475 bis 221 v. Chr.).

Ursprünglich war das Land als Jing (荆) und nachfolgend als Jingchu (荆楚) bekannt. Die größte Ausdehnung umfasste ein umfangreiches Gebiet, einschließlich das der heutigen Provinzen Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Henan, und Teile von Jiangsu. Die Hauptstadt von Chu war Ying.

Chu war zu seiner Zeit einer der mächtigsten Staaten und unterwarf zum Beispiel auch den kleineren Staat Lu im heutigen Shandong.

Größere Bedeutung erlangte Chu erstmals unter der Herrschaft von König Zhuang.

楚国（公元前1115年—公元前223年）是先秦时期位于长江流域的诸侯国，国君为芈姓、熊氏。周成王时期，封楚人首领熊绎为子爵，建立楚国。 
楚国在周文、武之世开始崛起，  奄有江汉，史称“大启群蛮”。前704年，熊通僭越称王，是为楚武王。楚成王时，楚国在令尹子文的治理下更显强盛。楚庄王时，任用虞邱子、孙叔敖等贤臣，问鼎中原、邲之战大败晋国而称霸，开创春秋时期楚国最鼎盛的时代。进入战国，楚悼王任用吴起变法，一时间兵强马壮，初露称雄之势。 楚宣王、楚威王时期，疆土西起大巴山、巫山、武陵山，东至大海，南起南岭，北至今河南中部、安徽和江苏北部、陕西东南部、山东西南部，幅员广阔。楚国至此进入了最鼎盛时期。
楚怀王时期灭越国，但因为怀王用人不当以及秦相张仪欺诈导致国势渐衰。前223年，秦军攻破楚都寿春，楚国灭亡。前209年，楚地起义军将领项梁起事，在薛城立楚怀王的孙子“熊心”为新“楚怀王”，重新建立楚国，后项羽自立为西楚霸王，派人杀死楚怀王熊心。项羽在楚汉战争中兵败自杀，刘邦建立汉朝。
 
楚（そ、紀元前11世紀 - 前223年）は、中国に周代、春秋時代、戦国時代にわたって存在した王国。現在の湖北省、湖南省を中心とした広い地域を領土とした。首都は郢と称したが、名前が同じだけで場所は何度か変わっている。 
 

Chu (Chinese: 楚, Old Chinese: *s-r̥aʔ[2]) was a hegemonic, Zhou dynasty era state. From King Wu of Chu in the early 8th century BCE, the rulers of Chu declared themselves kings on an equal footing with the Zhou kings. Though initially inconsequential, removed to the south of the Zhou heartland and practising differing customs, Chu began a series of administrative reforms, becoming a successful expansionist state during the Spring and Autumn period. With its continued expansion Chu became a great Warring States period power, until it was overthrown by the Qin in 223 BCE.

Also known as Jing (荆) and Jingchu (荆楚), Chu included most of the present-day provinces of Hubei and Hunan, along with parts of Chongqing, Guizhou, Henan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. For more than 400 years, the Chu capital Danyang was located at the junction of the Dan and Xi Rivers[3][4] near present-day Xichuan County, Henan, but later moved to Ying. The ruling house of Chu originally bore the clan name Nai (嬭) and lineage name Yan (酓), but they are later written as Mi (芈) and Xiong (熊), respectively.[5]

Chu ou l'état de Chu (chinois simplifié : 楚国 ; chinois traditionnel : 楚國 ; pinyin : chǔguó ; littéralement : « pays Chǔ ») était un État des périodes des Printemps et Automnes et des Royaumes combattants, établi sur le fleuve Yangzi. Chu a été annexé par Qin en 223 av. J.-C. La maison royale de Chu à l'origine portait le nom ancestral Nai (嬭) et le nom de clan Yan (酓) mais ceux-ci sont devenus plus tard Mi (芈) et Xiong (熊)1. 

Chǔ (楚) fu un regno situato nell'attuale Cina centro meridionale, durante il Periodo delle primavere e degli autunni, (722-481 a.C. e il Periodo dei regni combattenti (481-221 a.C.). La famiglia dominante possedeva il cognome "mi" (芈), nome del clan "xiong" 熊, e il titolo nobiliare di "zi", corrispondente approssimativamente al nostro visconte.

Il primo nome dello Stato era Jing (荆) e successivamente Jingchu (荆楚). Al massimo della sua espansione il regno di Chu occupava una vasta area di territorio, comprendente le attuali province dello Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Henan, Shanghai, e parte dello Jiangsu. La capitale del regno era Ying (郢), localizzata approssimativamente nei pressi dell'attuale Jingzhou, nella provincia dell'Hubei.

Chǔ (楚, Wade-Giles: Ch'u3, pinyin: Chǔ) fue un reino situado en lo que hoy es China central y meridional durante el período de Primaveras y Otoños (722-481 a. C.) y el período de Reinos Combatientes (481-212 a. C.).

Fue originalmente conocido como Jing (荆) y luego como Jingchǔ (荆楚). Con el peso de su poder, el reino Chǔ ocupó vastas tierras, incluyendo las provincias actuales de Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Henan, Shanghái, y partes de Jiangsu. La capital de Chu era Ying (郢) y estaba ubicada en lo que hoy es la provincia de Hubei.

Чу (кит. 楚) — царство в южном Китае во время эпохи Чуньцю (722—481 гг. до н. э.) и Чжаньго («Воюющие царства» 481—221 до н. э.).

Первоначально царство было известно под названием Цзин (荆), затем Цзинчу (荆楚). На пике могущества под властью Чу находилась территория современных провинций Хунань, Хубэй, Чжэцзян, частично Цзянсу, Цзянси, Аньхой и Фуцзянь, а также города Шанхай. Ранней столицей Чу был Даньян 丹陽, в правление Сюн Туна (8-7 вв. до н. э.) столица была перенесена в Ин 郢 (совр. Цзинчжоу).

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Catalog Hunan Sheng-HN
Chuanshan-Akademie
船山书院

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Catalog History G 1500 - 1000 BC
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Dahefang-Ding
大禾方鼎
商大禾方鼎是商代晚期铜器，1959年在湖南省宁乡市出土，现收藏于湖南省博物馆。 商大禾方鼎高38.5厘米，口长29.8厘米，宽23.7厘米，重12.85千克，鼎身四周有棱饰，器壁四面装饰高浮雕的人面纹饰，人面五官准确，双耳上侧饰有兽面纹常见曲折角，下侧有兽面纹的腿和足，整体以云雷纹为地纹，鼎腹内壁铸铭文两字“大禾”。 商大禾方鼎是目前中国唯一以人面纹为饰的青铜鼎，是研究古代思想意识、祭祀风俗，以及审美意识的重要资料。
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Catalog Animal world National parks in Asia
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Der Nationale-Waldpark Zhangjiajie
张家界国家森林公园
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Catalog Hunan Sheng-HN
Die Stätte der Truppenvereinigung in Wenjiashi während des Herbsternte-Aufstandes
秋收起义文家市会师旧址
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Catalog Art *Chinese lacquer art
Catalog Ding Catalog History I 500 - 0 BC Catalog Hunan Provincial Museum Catalog Hunan Sheng-HN Catalog Art CE - Chinese Art 771 BC - 221 BC
Ding mit den Lack und Wolkendesign
云纹漆鼎
西汉 高25厘米，两耳间距28厘米 1972年长沙马王堆一号汉墓出土 盛食器。旋木胎，胎厚，体形稳重，有盖。盖与鼎身作子母口扣合。盖作球面形，上三个橙色环形纽。器身口微弇，鼓腹，底略呈圜形，有一对直耳，三兽蹄形足。鼎外髹[xiū]黑漆，内髹红漆。盖面中心绘一变形龙纹，龙纹周围用朱、灰绿二色漆绘S形卷云纹、涡纹，卷云纹间隙绘有变形鸟纹，盖边沿朱漆绘宽、细弦纹各一道；器身两耳均在黑漆地上用朱漆绘勾云纹，口沿外侧在两朱色弦纹之间用朱漆绘一道竖条纹间饰小锯齿纹组成的图案9组，腹上部在宽、窄两道朱色弦纹之间朱漆绘一道菱形、水波纹组成的几何纹装饰带，腹下部亦在宽、细两道朱色弦纹之间用朱、灰绿二色漆绘几何云纹、涡纹，云纹间隙绘有变形鸟纹；足部用朱漆绘兽面纹。鼎底部朱书"二斗"两字，经实测其容量为4.3升。底部和盖内有戳印。器腹内留有明显的旋削痕迹。器底光素无纹。 令人惊奇的是当考古工作者在清理一号墓云纹漆鼎时，竟然发现此鼎内盛放有汤和莲藕片，并且浸泡在汤中二千一百多年的莲藕片仍清晰可辨。
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Catalog Companies Mainland China,Hong Kong,Macau,Taiwan
Catalog Hunan Sheng-HN
Dohia Group
多喜爱集团股份有限公司
 
 
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Catalog *National minorities in China Catalog Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu-GX Catalog Guizhou Sheng-GZ Catalog Hubei Sheng-HB Catalog Hunan Sheng-HN
Dong
侗族
侗族（侗语：Gaeml），是中国的一个少数民族，民族语言为侗语，属汉藏语系壮侗语族侗水语支，信仰多神。 侗族先民在先秦以前的文献中被称为“黔首”，一般认为侗族是从古代百越的一支发展而来。侗族主要从事农业，农业以种植水稻为主，种植水稻已有悠久的历史，兼营林业，农林生产均已达到相当高的水平。侗族地区的万山丛岭中夹杂着许多当地称为“坝子”的盆地。 侗族主要分布在贵州省的黔东南苗族侗族自治州、铜仁地区，湖南省的新晃侗族自治县、会同县、通道侗族自治县、芷江侗族自治县、靖州苗族侗族自治县，广西壮族自治区的三江侗族自治县、龙胜各族自治县、融水苗族自治县，湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州等地。

 

 

 

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