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Ding-Brennstätte/Dingyao
定窑是宋代五大名窑之一,在宋代属定州境内,故名“定窑”。窑址位于现在的河北省曲阳县涧滋村、燕山村一带。 定窑创烧于唐代,经过五代,于北宋时达到鼎盛时期,在元代时虽生产,仍终止于元。以出产白瓷着称,胎薄而轻,质地坚硬,色泽洁白,不太透明,《归潜志》上说“定州花瓷瓯,颜色天下白”。 此外定窑也烧制黑釉、酱釉和绿釉等,分别称“黑定”、“紫定”、“绿定”。定窑虽然是民间瓷窑,但北宋中期之后由于品质精良、纹饰秀美为宫廷选中,也为宫廷烧造了大量瓷器,到了明清时代,评论宋代陶瓷,品评汝窑、官窑、哥窑、定窑和钧窑为宋代五大名窑,可见得定窑瓷器之盛名。
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定窑宋代五大名窑之一,在宋代属定州境内,故名“定窑”。窑址位于现在的河北省曲阳县涧滋村燕山村一带。

定窑创烧于唐代,经过五代,于北宋时达到鼎盛时期,在元代时虽生产,仍终止于元。以出产白瓷着称,胎薄而轻,质地坚硬,色泽洁白,不太透明,《归潜志》上说“定州花瓷瓯,颜色天下白”。 此外定窑也烧制黑釉、酱釉和绿釉等,分别称“黑定”、“紫定”、“绿定”。定窑虽然是民间瓷窑,但北宋中期之后由于品质精良、纹饰秀美为宫廷选中,也为宫廷烧造了大量瓷器,到了明清时代,评论宋代陶瓷,品评汝窑官窑哥窑、定窑和钧窑为宋代五大名窑,可见得定窑瓷器之盛名。

定窑遗址于1934年被北平大学教授叶麟趾先生发现,1941年日本陶瓷学者小山富士夫根据这一个线索,又对涧磁村进行了调查,证明涧磁村就是宋定窑白瓷的主要产地。50、60年代故宫博物院、河北省文物队曾对遗址进行过小规模发掘,在此基础上1985年进行了一次大规模发掘,发现了窑炉、料场、水井、沟、灶、灰坑等遗迹,出土瓷片达30多万片,1986年遗址被列为中国国家级文物保护单位。近几年来河北省投资近千万元对遗址进行保护,并准备申报世界文化遗产。
 
Ding-Brennofen (chinesisch 定窑, Pinyin Dìng yáo, englisch Ding Kiln) ist die Bezeichnung für im früheren Kreis Dingxian der chinesischen Provinz Hebei befindliche Porzellanbrennöfen, die bis die Zeit der Tang-Dynastie zurückgehen und deren Blüte in die Zeit der Song-Dynastie fällt. Der Ding-Brennofen zählt zu den fünf berühmten aus der Zeit der Song-Dynastie. Er ist besonders bekannt für sein weißes Porzellan. 
 

Ding ware, Ting ware (Chinese: 定瓷; pinyin: Dìngcí) or Dingyao were Chinese ceramics, mostly porcelain, produced in the prefecture of Dingzhou (formerly romanized as "Ting-chou") in Hebei in northern China. The main kilns were at Jiancicun or Jianci in Quyang County. They were produced between the Tang and Yuan dynasties of imperial China, though their finest period was in the 11th century, under the Northern Song.[1] The kilns "were in almost constant operation from the early eighth until the mid-fourteenth century."[2]

The most characteristic wares are thin porcelains with a white or greyish body and a nearly transparent white-tinted glaze,[3] though they are classed as stoneware by some.[4] Chemical analysis has shown that they were often made entirely of a kaolinitic clay without any petuntse or "porcelain stone".[5] They are mostly decorated, with uncoloured designs that are incised or in very shallow relief.

Ding ware was the most famous northern Chinese white ware under the Song, although there was increasing competition from the Qingbai ware from Jingdezhen in the south, which by the end of the Song had eclipsed Ding ware, achieving a predominance it has maintained in subsequent centuries. A key event in this process was the flight of the remaining Northern Song court to the south, after they lost control of the north in the disastrous Jin-Song wars of the 1120s. A new Southern Song court was based in Hangzhou.[6] This may have been accompanied by the movement of potters to Jingdezhen.[7]

La ceramica Ding (定瓷S, dìngcíP), deve il suo nome alla prefettura di Dingzhou, in Cina, dove veniva prodotta. Divenne molto conosciuta ed apprezzata sotto la dinastia Song (960-1279) e raggiunse l'apogeo nell'XI secolo, benché il forno di Ding fosse attivo sin dalla fine della dinastia Tang (618-986) e lo rimase fino a quella Yuan (1271-1368).

L'elemento distintivo della ceramica Ding è il colore bianco avorio o bianco crema che caratterizza la maggior parte della produzione, sebbene esistano esempi di manufatti monocromi nei colori nero, melanzana, verde scuro. La gamma di produzione di questi forni era ampia, in quanto realizzavano pezzi di alta qualità per la ricca classe mercantile e dei letterati. Le ceramiche Ding furono inoltre le prime ad essere ammesse presso la corte imperiale per uso ufficiale; sfortunatamente però la loro notorietà non durò a lungo, in quanto vennero sostituite dalla famiglia reale con i manufatti Ru già nel 1100.

 

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Dongyang-Holzschnitzen
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Winterankunft (22. von 24 Stationen des Jahres - 21. - 23. Dez.)
Wintersonnenwende
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Dougong
斗栱,又作斗拱,别称斗科、欂栌,是中国木构架建筑结构的关键性部件,在横粱和立柱之间挑出以承重,将屋檐的荷载经斗栱传递到立柱。斗栱又有一定的装饰作用,是中国古典建筑显著特征之一。斗拱,又称斗栱、枓栱、斗科、欂栌、铺作、莲花托、牌科,朝鲜半岛又称栱包(공포、栱包),日本称为组物(くみもの、組み物),是东亚木构架建筑结构的关键性部件,建筑屋檐的荷载经斗拱传递到立柱。斗拱又有一定的装饰作用,是东亚古典建筑显著特征之一。

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Duanwujie/Drachenbootfest
端午节是东亚文化圈的传统节日,定在每年农历五月初五,本来是夏季的一个送离五瘟神,驱除瘟疫的节日。
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Das Drachenbootfest findet am fünften Tag des fünften Monats nach dem Mondkalender statt und erinnert an den Dichter Qu Yuan (340 bis 278 v. Chr.). Qu Yuan lebte während der Periode der Streitenden Reiche im Staat Chu und hatte versucht, den König von Reformen zur Verringerung von Korruption im Staate zu bewegen. Er scheiterte jedoch aufgrund von Intrigen und wurde in die Verbannung geschickt. Als 278 v.Chr. der Staat Qin die Hauptstadt von Chu eroberte, beging Qu Yuan vor Verzweiflung Selbstmord, indem er sich in den Fluß Miluojiang stürzte. Mit Booten fuhren daraufhin die Menschen am Ufer auf den Fluß hinaus, um die Leiche des Dichters zu bergen. Diese Begebenheit wird durch die Drachenbootrennen symbolisiert, die an diesem Festtag stattfinden. 

Das Drachenbootfest (chinesisch 端午節 / 端午节, Pinyin Duānwǔjié) fällt auf den 5. Tag des 5. Monats im traditionellen chinesischen Kalender, weshalb es auch „Doppelfünf-Fest“ (重五節 / 重五节 bzw. 重午節 / 重午节, Chóngwǔjié) genannt wird.

端午节东亚文化圈的传统节日,定在每年农历五月初五,本来是夏季的一个送离五瘟神,驱除瘟疫的节日。战国时期的楚国爱国诗人屈原于这一日投自尽,后在中国演变为端午节,以纪念屈原,有人称其为诗人节(有些地方是纪念吴国忠臣伍子胥忌日),是华人四大节日之一,与新春中秋等节日同属东亚文化圈中国大陆香港澳门台湾新加坡马来西亚日本朝鲜半岛越南的重要传统节日。 

端午(たんご)は、五節句の一つ。端午の節句菖蒲の節句とも呼ばれる。日本では端午の節句に男子の健やかな成長を祈願し各種の行事を行う風習があり、現在ではグレゴリオ暦新暦)の5月5日に行われ、国民の祝日こどもの日」になっている。少ないながら旧暦月遅れ6月5日に行う地域もある。尚、中国語圏では現在も旧暦5月5日に行うことが一般的である。 

The Dragon Boat Festival is a traditional holiday which occurs on the 5th day of the 5th month of the traditional Chinese calendar

La fête des bateaux-dragons, ou fête du double cinq, est une fête chinoise marquant l'entrée dans les chaleurs de l'été et commémore la mort de Qu Yuan (屈原). Elle a lieu le cinquième jour du cinquième mois lunaire, soit fin mai ou début juin dans le calendrier grégorien.

Elle est associée a la mémoire du poète chinois Qu Yuan1.

Dans le monde chinois, elle s'appelle la fête de duanwu (chinois simplifié : 端午节 ; chinois traditionnel : 端午節 ; pinyin : duānwǔ jíe), abrégé en duānwǔ (端午), en coréen danoje (端午祭/단오제) ou plus souvent abrégé en Dano (端午/단오), en japonais Tango no Sekku (端午の節句), généralement abrégé en Tango (端午), en vietnamien Tết Đoan Ngọ (節端午), qu'on pourrait abréger en Đoan Ngọ, en japonais ryuku, tanwu (端午).

La festa delle barche drago (龍船節T, 龙船节S, LóngchuánjiéP o 龍舟節T, 龙舟节S, LóngzhōujiéP), chiamata anche festa di Duanwu (端午節T, 端午节S, DuānwǔjiéP) o festa di Duen Ng (端陽节T, 端阳节S, DuānyángjiéP, letteralmente "festa dell'inizio dello yang") è una festa tradizionale cinese che si tiene il quinto giorno del quinto mese del calendario cinese; per questo è conosciuta anche come il Doppio quinto o festa del Doppio cinque (重五節T, 重五节S, ChóngwǔjiéP) e si celebra da tempo anche in altre parti dell'Asia orientale. In Occidente, è nota comunemente come festa delle barche drago e si celebra tipicamente durante i mesi estivi, con le regate e le gare di barche drago che costituiscono il nucleo centrale delle manifestazioni. 

El Festival del bote del Dragón (también Fiesta de Duanwu; en chino: 端午节) es una fiesta de la compleja tradición espiritual y religiosa china, que se celebra en el 5º día del 5º mes del calendario chino tradicional. El calendario chino es lunisolar, por lo que la fecha del festival varía de año en año en el calendario gregoriano. En 2016, ocurrió el 9 de junio; en 2017, el 30 de mayo; y en 2020, el 25 de junio. Normalmente lo pasan muy bien.

De las varias historias para explicar el origen de esta celebración, la más conocida es la conmemoración de la muerte del gran poeta y diplomático Qu Yuan, quien vivió del 340 al 221 a. e. c. durante el período de los Reinos Combatientes de la dinastía Zhou.

Дуань-у или Дуаньу (кит. 端午), также называемый «двойной пятёркой», так как приходится на пятый день пятого месяца по лунному календарю, — китайский традиционный праздник календарного цикла, приходящийся на начало лета. Его название обычно переводится как праздник драконьих лодок, по наиболее распространённому в этот день обрядово-развлекательному действу — состязанию в гребле на лодках, изображающих драконов. В этот день принято употреблять в пищу цзунцзы

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Tuschestein von Duan
端砚是中国四大名砚之一。产自广东肇庆市。肇庆古称端州,所产的砚台因此叫“端砚”,最早产于唐代武德年间(618年-626年),至今已有一千三百多年历史。端砚以石色青紫带圆形青绿色石眼的为最上。肇庆七星岩出产纯白色的白砚,滑如玉,磨墨无声,也是上品。上好的端砚不但美观,而且能“发墨”,墨色光亮如漆,能在相对较长的时间内不干。宋代皇帝多次颁布不准广东官员擅自带端砚进京的诏谕,可见其老坑名品珍贵为世罕有。
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Achtundzwanzig Villen/Twenty-Eight Mansions
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Vierundzwanzig Stationen des Jahres
Sun's ecliptic
longitude
Chinese
name[8]
Korean name[9] Vietnamese
name
Japanese
name
Ryukyuan
(Okinawan) name
Gregorian
Date[10]
(± 1 day)
Reference for
Month Intercalating
Remark[11][12][13] Chinese zodiac & Earthly Branch of Month Corresponding Astrological Sign
315° 立春
lìchūn
立春 (입춘/립춘)
ipchun/ripchun
Lập xuân (立春) 立春(りっしゅん)
risshun
立春(りっしゅん)
risshun
Feb 4 1st month initial Spring Begins
(Spring Commences)
Tiger (虎)
Yín (寅)
Aquarius
(寶瓶宮)
330° 雨水
yǔshuǐ[14]
雨水 (우수)
usu
Vũ thủy (雨水) 雨水(うすい)
usui
雨水(うしー)
ushii
Feb 19 1st month midpoint More Rain Than Snow
(Spring Showers)
Pisces
(雙魚宮)
345° 驚蟄 (惊蛰)
jīngzhé[15]
驚蟄 (경칩)
gyeongchip
Kinh trập (驚蟄) 啓蟄(けいちつ)
keichitsu
驚く(うどぅるく)
uduruku

驚くー(おどるくー)
udurukuu 虫驚(むしうどぅるく)
mushi'uduruku

Mar 6 2nd month initial Hibernating Animals Awaken
(Animals Waken)
Rabbit (兔)
Mǎo (卯)
春分
chūnfēn
春分 (춘분)
chunbun
Xuân phân (春分) 春分(しゅんぶん)
shunbun
春分(すんぶん)
sunbun
Mar 21 2nd month midpoint Spring Center
(Vernal equinox)
Aries
(白羊宮)
15° 清明
qīngmíng[16]
淸明 (청명)
cheongmyeong
Thanh minh (清明) 清明(せいめい)
seimei
清明(しーみー)
shiimii
Apr 5 3rd month initial Clear and Bright
(Bright and Clear, Qingming Festival)
Dragon (龍)
Chén (辰)
30° 穀雨 (谷雨)
gǔyǔ[17]
穀雨 (곡우)
gogu
Cốc vũ (穀雨) 穀雨(こくう)
kokuu
穀雨(くくー)
kukuu
Apr 20 3rd month midpoint Wheat Rain
(Corn Rain)
Taurus
(金牛宮)
45° 立夏
lìxià
立夏 (입하/립하)
ipha/ripha
Lập hạ (立夏) 立夏(りっか)
rikka
立夏(りっかー)
rikkaa
May 6 4th month initial Summer Begins
(Summer Commences)
Snake (蛇)
Sì (巳)
60° 小滿 (小满)
xiǎomǎn
小滿 (소만)
soman
Tiểu mãn (小滿) 小満(しょうまん)
shōman
小満(すーまん)
suuman
May 21 4th month midpoint Creatures Plenish
(Corn Forms)
Gemini
(雙子宮)
75° 芒種 (芒种)
mángzhòng
芒種 (망종)
mangjong
Mang chủng (芒種) 芒種(ぼうしゅ)
bōshu
芒種(ぼーすー)
boosuu
Jun 6 5th month initial Seeding Millet
(Corn On Ear)
Horse (馬)
Wǔ (午)
90° 夏至
xiàzhì
夏至 (하지)
haji
Hạ chí (夏至) 夏至(げし)
geshi
夏至(かーちー)
kaachii
Jun 21 5th month midpoint Summer Maximum (Summer Solstice) Cancer
(巨蟹宮)
105° 小暑
xiǎoshǔ
小暑 (소서)
soseo
Tiểu thử (小暑) 小暑(しょうしょ)
shōsho
小暑(くーあちさ)
kuu'achisa
Jul 7 6th month initial A bit Sweltering
(Moderate Heat)
Goat (羊)
Wèi (未)
120° 大暑
dàshǔ
大暑 (대서)
daeseo
Đại thử (大暑) 大暑(たいしょ)
taisho
大暑(うーあちさ)
uu'achisa
Jul 23 6th month midpoint Most Sweltering
(Great Heat)
Leo
(獅子宮)
135° 立秋
lìqiū
立秋 (입추/립추)
ipchu/ripchu
Lập thu (立秋) 立秋(りっしゅう)
risshū
立秋(りっすー)
rissuu
Aug 8 7th month initial Autumn Begins
(Autumn Commences)
Monkey (猴)
Shēn (申)
150° 處暑 (处暑)
chǔshǔ
處暑 (처서)
cheoseo
Xử thử (處暑) 処暑(しょしょ)
shosho
処暑(とぅくるあちさ)
tukuru'achisa
Aug 23 7th month midpoint Heat Withdraws
(End of Heat)
Virgo
(室女宮)
165° 白露
báilù
白露 (백로)
baekno/baekro
Bạch lộ (白露) 白露(はくろ)
hakuro
白露(ふぁくるー)
fakuruu
Sep 8 8th month initial Dews
(White Dew)
Rooster (雞)
Yǒu (酉)
180° 秋分
qiūfēn
秋分 (추분)
chubun
Thu phân (秋分) 秋分(しゅうぶん)
shūbun
秋分(すーぶん)
suubun
Sep 23 8th month midpoint Autumn Center
(Autumn Equinox)
Libra
(天秤宮)
195° 寒露
hánlù
寒露 (한로)
hanlo
Hàn lộ (寒露) 寒露(かんろ)
kanro
寒露(かんるー)
kanruu
Oct 8 9th month initial Cold Dews
(Cold Dew)
Dog (狗)
Xū (戌)
210° 霜降
shuāngjiàng
霜降 (상강)
sanggang
Sương giáng (霜降) 霜降(そうこう)
sōkō
霜降(しむくだり)
shimukudari
Oct 23 9th month midpoint Frost Scorpio
(天蠍宮)
225° 立冬
lìdōng
立冬 (입동/립동)
ipdong/ripdong
Lập đông (立冬) 立冬(りっとう)
rittō
立冬(りっとぅー)
rittuu
Nov 7 10th month initial Winter Begins
(Winter Commences)
Pig (豬)
Hài (亥)
240° 小雪
xiǎoxuě
小雪 (소설)
soseol
Tiểu tuyết (小雪) 小雪(しょうせつ)
shōsetsu
小雪(くーゆち)
kuuyuchi
Nov 22 10th month midpoint Snows a bit
(Light Snow)
Sagittarius
(人馬宮)
255° 大雪
dàxuě
大雪 (대설)
daeseol
Đại tuyết (大雪) 大雪(たいせつ)
taisetsu
大雪(うーゆち)
uuyuchi
Dec 7 11th month initial Snows a lot
(Heavy Snow)
Rat (鼠)
Zǐ (子)
270° 冬至
dōngzhì
冬至 (동지)
dongji
Đông chí (冬至) 冬至(とうじ)
tōji
冬至 (とぅんじー)
tunjii
Dec 22 11th month midpoint Winter Maximum
(Winter Solstice, Dongzhi Festival)
Capricorn
(山羊宮)
285° 小寒
xiǎohán
小寒 (소한)
sohan
Tiểu hàn (小寒) 小寒(しょうかん)
shōkan
小寒(すーかん)
suukan
Jan 6 12th month initial A bit Frigid
(Moderate Cold)
Ox (牛)
Chǒu (丑)
300° 大寒
dàhán
大寒 (대한)
daehan
Đại hàn (大寒) 大寒(だいかん)
daikan
大寒(でーかん)
deekan
Jan 20 12th month midpoint Most Frigid
(Severe Cold)
Aquarius
(寶瓶宮)
 
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Dachtraufe/Eaves
飞檐是中国传统建筑的一大特色,多指屋檐翼角向上翘起,如飞举之势,《诗经》有云“如鸟斯革,如翚斯飞”。它是中国古代建筑在檐部上的一种特殊处理和创造,常用在亭亭、台、楼、阁、宫殿、庙宇的屋顶转角处。   通过檐部上的这种特殊处理和创造,不但扩大了采光面、有利于排泄雨水,而且增添了建筑物向上的动感,仿佛是一种气将屋檐向上托举,建筑群中层层叠叠的飞檐更是营造出壮观的气势和中国古建筑特有的飞动轻快的韵味。

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Jadeit
http://www.net4info.de/photos/cpg/albums/userpics/10001/Jadeit.jpg

Jadeit ist ein eher selten vorkommendes Mineral aus der Mineralklasse der „Silikate und Germanate“. Er kristallisiert im monoklinen Kristallsystem mit der idealisierten chemischen Zusammensetzung NaAl[Si2O6][1]. Bei natürlichen Jadeiten kann allerdings Aluminium durch geringe Anteile von dreifach positiv geladenen Eisen-Ionen gleichwertig ersetzt sein (Diadochie), weshalb die Formel gelegentlich auch mit Na(Al,Fe3+)[Si2O6][2] angegeben wird. Auch geringe Anteile von Calcium und/oder Magnesium können in Jadeit enthalten sein.[3]

Als monomineralisches (überwiegend aus Jadeit bestehendes) Gestein ist es unter dem Namen Jade bekannt.

Jadeit wird heutzutage ausschließlich zu Schmucksteinen und kunstgewerblichen Objekten verarbeitet.

 
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Trommeln zur Feier einer guten Ernte/Drums in Celebration of a Bumper Harvest
中国广播民族乐团

 

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Fengshui ist die Lehre der gegenseitigen Beeinflussung von Mensch, Raum und Zeit.

 

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