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Deutsch-Chinesische Enzyklopädie, 德汉百科
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恒河(梵语:गङ्गा,印地语:गंगा,乌尔都语:گنگا(Ganga)国际音标发音:[ˈɡəŋɡaː] 聆听;泰米尔语:கங்கை,孟加拉语:গঙ্গা Gônga,玄奘译为殑伽河)是南亚的一条主要河流,流经印度北部及孟加拉。恒河源头帕吉勒提河和阿勒格嫩达河发源自印度北阿坎德邦的根戈德里等冰川,它横越北印度平原(即恒河平原),流经北方邦,会合其最大支流亚穆纳河,再流经比哈尔邦、西孟加拉邦,最后它分为多条分流注入孟加拉湾,其中一条是加尔各答附近的胡格利河,另外一条是进入孟加拉国的博多河,博多河进入孟加拉国后,会合布拉马普特拉河(中国境内为雅鲁藏布江)在孟加拉国境内的下游贾木纳河,注入孟加拉湾,其入海河段称为梅格纳河。支流布拉马普特拉河及其以上部分不算在内,恒河长为2,510公里,流域面积91万平方公里,达印度国土面积的三分之一,恒河也为世界河水流量前20大的河流之一[4]。恒河流域为世界上最多人口居住的河流流域,共有4亿以上人口居住于恒河流域,人口密度达每平方英里1000人以上[5]。
恒河被印度教徒视为圣河,也是河流周边居民维持日常生活所需的命脉[6]。印度教中也有称为“恒河女神”的神祇[7]。许多过去的省会及帝国首都曾设于恒河沿岸,如巴连弗邑[8]、曲女城[8]、瓦拉纳西、安拉阿巴德、穆尔斯希达巴德、蒙格埃尔、巴哈拉姆普尔、加尔各答等。
ガンジス川(ガンジスがわ、英語: Ganges)は、ヒマラヤ山脈の南側、インド亜大陸の北東部を流れる大河である。全長は約2525km[1]、流域面積は約173万km2(ただしブラフマプトラ川水系を除くと約84万km2)。
The Ganges (/ˈɡændʒiːz/ GAN-jeez), or Ganga (Hindustani: [ˈɡəŋɡaː], is a trans-boundary river of the Indian subcontinent which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India. After entering West Bengal, it divides into two rivers: the Hooghly and the Padma River. The Hooghly, or Adi Ganga, flows through several districts of West Bengal and into the Bay of Bengal near Sagar Island. The other, the Padma, also flows into and through Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna river which ultimately empties into the Bay of Bengal.
The Ganges is one of the most sacred rivers to Hindus.[4] It is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs. It is worshipped in Hinduism and personified as the goddess Gaṅgā.[5] It has also been important historically, with many former provincial or imperial capitals (such as [6] Kannauj, Kampilya, [6] Kara, Prayag or Allahabad, Kashi, Pataliputra or Patna, Hajipur, Munger, Bhagalpur, Baranagar, Murshidabad, Baharampur, Nabadwip, Saptagram and Kolkata) located on its banks.
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藏语(藏语:བོད་སྐད་,威利转写:bod skad,THL:Böké,藏语拼音:Pögä),属汉藏语系藏缅语族藏语支,是以藏族为主的喜马拉雅文化圈使用的主要语言。藏语使用区分布在中国西藏自治区,青海省,四川省的阿坝藏族羌族自治州、甘孜藏族自治州、木里藏族自治县,甘肃省的甘南藏族自治州和天祝藏族自治县、云南省的迪庆藏族自治州等若干区域。巴基斯坦、印度、尼泊尔、不丹四个国家也有藏语使用者分布。
藏文是藏语的文字书写系统,在藏语各方言间通用,是根据古典藏语发音而制定的文字,亦是整个藏缅语族最早的文字之一。其他语言,如西夏文、缅甸语的文字创制时间比较晚。关于藏文的起源,佛教学者认为是吐蕃时代公元7世纪由国王松赞干布的重臣吞弥·桑布扎创制的,受梵文拼写影响。藏文字母有上加字、下加字等垂直拼写法。为了翻译佛教梵文咒语,藏文字母与梵文字母有完全的对应关系。从梵文翻译的内容,不论词意,藏语文是其中一种可以还原梵文的语言文字。[4]
藏语的分支语言为卫藏方言[5][6](如拉萨话)、康方言[5][6](如昌都话)、安多方言[5][6]三大方言。这三种语言可能同样源自古书面藏语,其中只有安多方言没有区别意义的声调,保持了古藏语的特色。藏族不同方言的通话有一定的困难,但是采用相同的文字系统藏文。现代最通行的标准藏语源自卫藏方言中的拉萨方言。
Die tibetanischen Sprachen (kurz Tibetanisch) bilden eine Untereinheit der bodischen Sprachen, die zu den tibetobirmanischen Sprachen gehören, einem Primärzweig des Sinotibetischen. Die etwa 50 tibetanischen Sprachen werden von über 8 Millionen Menschen im Himalayagebiet, vor allem in Tibet, Nord-Indien, Nepal und Bhutan gesprochen. Die größte Einzelsprache ist das Zentral-Tibetische, das von etwa 6 Millionen Tibetern in den Städten Lhasa, Shigatse und Ngari gesprochen wird.
藏语文学历史悠久,是世界上最发达的文学之一[4]。藏语文是唯一、完整地记录自释迦牟尼佛诞辰两千多年来,形成和发展的佛教教义、佛教哲学,以及佛教科学的文字,包括那烂陀传承中,所有的显、密论典。特别是因明论典的完整教、学传承和方式,当今惟有藏文中记载和保存。[7]除了藏传佛教的大藏经(包括举世闻名的《甘珠尔》、《丹珠尔》两大佛学丛书),还有著名史诗《格萨尔王传》,六世达赖仓央嘉措的情诗集等,都是世界文学遗产中不朽的经典。
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