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定窑是宋代五大名窑之一，在宋代属定州境内，故名“定窑”。窑址位于现在的河北省曲阳县涧滋村、燕山村一带。
定窑创烧于唐代，经过五代，于北宋时达到鼎盛时期，在元代时虽生产，仍终止于元。以出产白瓷着称，胎薄而轻，质地坚硬，色泽洁白，不太透明，《归潜志》上说“定州花瓷瓯，颜色天下白”。 此外定窑也烧制黑釉、酱釉和绿釉等，分别称“黑定”、“紫定”、“绿定”。定窑虽然是民间瓷窑，但北宋中期之后由于品质精良、纹饰秀美为宫廷选中，也为宫廷烧造了大量瓷器，到了明清时代，评论宋代陶瓷，品评汝窑、官窑、哥窑、定窑和钧窑为宋代五大名窑，可见得定窑瓷器之盛名。
Ding ware, Ting ware (Chinese: 定瓷; pinyin: Dìngcí) or Dingyao were Chinese ceramics, mostly porcelain, produced in the prefecture of Dingzhou (formerly romanized as "Ting-chou") in Hebei in northern China. The main kilns were at Jiancicun or Jianci in Quyang County. They were produced between the Tang and Yuan dynasties of imperial China, though their finest period was in the 11th century, under the Northern Song.[1] The kilns "were in almost constant operation from the early eighth until the mid-fourteenth century."[2]
The most characteristic wares are thin porcelains with a white or greyish body and a nearly transparent white-tinted glaze,[3] though they are classed as stoneware by some.[4] Chemical analysis has shown that they were often made entirely of a kaolinitic clay without any petuntse or "porcelain stone".[5] They are mostly decorated, with uncoloured designs that are incised or in very shallow relief.
Ding ware was the most famous northern Chinese white ware under the Song, although there was increasing competition from the Qingbai ware from Jingdezhen in the south, which by the end of the Song had eclipsed Ding ware, achieving a predominance it has maintained in subsequent centuries. A key event in this process was the flight of the remaining Northern Song court to the south, after they lost control of the north in the disastrous Jin-Song wars of the 1120s. A new Southern Song court was based in Hangzhou.[6] This may have been accompanied by the movement of potters to Jingdezhen.[7]
La ceramica Ding (定瓷S, dìngcíP), deve il suo nome alla prefettura di Dingzhou, in Cina, dove veniva prodotta. Divenne molto conosciuta ed apprezzata sotto la dinastia Song (960-1279) e raggiunse l'apogeo nell'XI secolo, benché il forno di Ding fosse attivo sin dalla fine della dinastia Tang (618-986) e lo rimase fino a quella Yuan (1271-1368).
L'elemento distintivo della ceramica Ding è il colore bianco avorio o bianco crema che caratterizza la maggior parte della produzione, sebbene esistano esempi di manufatti monocromi nei colori nero, melanzana, verde scuro. La gamma di produzione di questi forni era ampia, in quanto realizzavano pezzi di alta qualità per la ricca classe mercantile e dei letterati. Le ceramiche Ding furono inoltre le prime ad essere ammesse presso la corte imperiale per uso ufficiale; sfortunatamente però la loro notorietà non durò a lungo, in quanto vennero sostituite dalla famiglia reale con i manufatti Ru già nel 1100.
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State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) ist ein Energieunternehmen der Volksrepublik China, das für den Großteil des Netzbetriebes zuständig ist. Es fand sich 2006 auf dem 24. Platz der Fortune 500 [1] wieder.
SGCC wurde am 29.Dezember 2002 als ein Pilotstaatsunternehmen von dem Staatsrat gegründet und ist hauptsächlich für die Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit des Netzbetriebes sowie dessen ständigen Ausbau zuständig. Der Konzern ging im Zuge der im Jahr 2000 durchgeführten "Kraftwerk-Netz-Separation" aus der staatlichen State Power Corporation of China hervor, die einen enormen Teil des nationalen Energieversorgungsnetzes und viele Kraftwerke Chinas betrieb. Seit der Reform wird der Netzbetrieb von der eigentlichen Energieerzeugung getrennt. So übernahmen SGCC und CSG die Energieübertragung und -verteilung, während die Kraftwerke nun von fünf großen Energieerzeugungsunternehmen betrieben werden.(Quelle:Wikipedia)