Das sogenannte Alexanderreich bezeichnet in der althistorischen Forschung jenes Großreich der Antike, das sich unter Alexander dem Großen im Laufe des Alexanderzugs herausgebildet hatte und in seiner vollen Größe von 324 bis etwa 319 v. Chr. bestand. Da Alexanders politische Stellung in einigen Gebieten unterschiedlich legitimiert war und er seine Herrschaft auch entsprechend regional verschieden ausübte, lässt sich diesem Staatsgebilde kein geographischer Raumbegriff außer dem Namen seines Herrschers zuordnen.

Das Alexanderreich basierte im Wesentlichen auf einer Personalunion von dreierlei verschiedenen Herrschaftsbereichen: Jenem von Makedonien, des Altpersischen Reichs und Ägyptens. Darüber hinaus hatte Alexander die Oberherrschaft über die meisten griechischen Städte im Hellenenbund von Korinth und einige barbarische Stämme des Balkans ausgeübt. Sein Reich erstreckte sich dabei über mindestens 19 Gebieten heutiger moderner Staaten (Griechenland, Mazedonien, Bulgarien, Türkei, Syrien, Jordanien, Israel, Libanon, Zypern, Ägypten, Libyen, Irak, Iran, Kuwait, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tadschikistan, Usbekistan und Pakistan) und berührte einige weitere an ihren Peripherien (Ukraine, Rumänien, Albanien, Armenien, Aserbaidschan und Indien). Nach seinem Tod zerfiel sein Reich schließlich im Rahmen der Diadochenkriege und wurde unter seinen Nachfolgern, den Diadochen und Epigonen, aufgeteilt. Dabei bildete sich die hellenistische Staatenwelt heraus.

 マケドニア王国（Μακεδονικό βασίλειο）は、紀元前7世紀に古代ギリシア人によって建国された歴史上の国家である。現在のギリシャ共和国西マケドニア地方・中央マケドニア地方の全域と、マケドニア共和国南東部ドイラン・ボグダンツィ・ゲヴゲリヤ及び南西部レセン・オフリド各基礎自治体の一部、ブルガリア・ブラゴエヴグラト州のギリシャとの国境地帯、アルバニアのポグラデツ県・コルチャ県・デヴォル県の一部にまたがる地域にあった。北西ギリシア方言群のひとつであるマケドニア方言を話した。

Macedonia (/ˌmæsɪˈdoʊniə/ (listen)) or Macedon (/ˈmæsɪˌdɒn/; Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía), was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece,^[6] and later the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.^[7] The kingdom was founded and initially ruled by the royal Argead dynasty, which was followed by the Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties. Home to the ancient Macedonians, the earliest kingdom was centered on the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula,^[8] and bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south.

Before the 4th century BC, Macedonia was a small kingdom outside of the area dominated by the great city-states of Athens, Sparta, and Thebes, and briefly subordinate to Achaemenid Persia.^[3] During the reign of the Argead king Philip II (359–336 BC), Macedonia subdued mainland Greece and Thrace through conquest and diplomacy. With a reformed army containing phalanxes wielding the sarissa pike, Philip II defeated the old powers of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC. Philip II's son Alexander the Great, leading a federation of Greek states, accomplished his father's objective of commanding the whole of Greece when he destroyed Thebes after the city revolted. Pro-Macedonian Athenian oligarch, Philippides of Paiania was instrumental in the defeat of Chaeronea by assisting in king Philip's cause. He was prosecuted as a traitor known in the speech Hypereides against Philippides, known from Athenaeus^[9]. During Alexander's subsequent campaign of conquest, he overthrew the Achaemenid Empire and conquered territory that stretched as far as the Indus River. For a brief period, his empire was the most powerful in the world – the definitive Hellenistic state, inaugurating the transition to a new period of Ancient Greek civilization. Greek arts and literature flourished in the new conquered lands and advances in philosophy, engineering, and science spread throughout much of the ancient world. Of particular importance were the contributions of Aristotle, tutor to Alexander, whose writings became a keystone of Western philosophy.

After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the ensuing wars of the Diadochi, and the partitioning of Alexander's short-lived empire, Macedonia remained a Greek cultural and political center in the Mediterranean region along with Ptolemaic Egypt, the Seleucid Empire, and the Kingdom of Pergamon. Important cities such as Pella, Pydna, and Amphipolis were involved in power struggles for control of the territory. New cities were founded, such as Thessalonica by the usurper Cassander (named after his wife Thessalonike of Macedon).^[10] Macedonia's decline began with the Macedonian Wars and the rise of Rome as the leading Mediterranean power. At the end of the Third Macedonian War in 168 BC, the Macedonian monarchy was abolished and replaced by Roman client states. A short-lived revival of the monarchy during the Fourth Macedonian War in 150–148 BC ended with the establishment of the Roman province of Macedonia.

The Macedonian kings, who wielded absolute power and commanded state resources such as gold and silver, facilitated mining operations to mint currency, finance their armies and, by the reign of Philip II, a Macedonian navy. Unlike the other diadochi successor states, the imperial cult fostered by Alexander was never adopted in Macedonia, yet Macedonian rulers nevertheless assumed roles as high priests of the kingdom and leading patrons of domestic and international cults of the Hellenistic religion. The authority of Macedonian kings was theoretically limited by the institution of the army, while a few municipalities within the Macedonian commonwealth enjoyed a high degree of autonomy and even had democratic governments with popular assemblies.

Le royaume de Macédoine (en grec ancien Μακεδονία / Makédonia) est un État grec antique situé au nord de la Grèce, correspondant aujourd'hui principalement à la Macédoine grecque. Il est centré sur la partie nord-est de la péninsule grecque, bordé par l’Épire à l'ouest, la Péonie au nord, la Thrace à l'est et la Thessalie au sud. Royaume de la Grèce aux époques archaïque et classique, il devient l'État dominant du monde grec durant l'époque hellénistique.

L'existence du royaume est attestée au tout début du VII^e siècle av. J.-C. avec à sa tête la dynastie des Argéades. Il connait un formidable essor sous le règne de Philippe II, qui étend sa domination sur la Grèce continentale en évinçant Athènes et la ligue chalcidienne pour ensuite fonder la Ligue de Corinthe. Son fils Alexandre le Grand est à l'origine de la conquête de l'immense empire perse et de l'expansion de l'hellénisme en Asie à la fin du IV^e siècle av. J.-C. À son apogée, le royaume de Macédoine, avec ses dépendances, s’étendait du bassin méditerranéen à la vallée de l’Indus, en passant par Thèbes en Égypte, par Babylone en Mésopotamie et par Samarcande en Sogdiane. Après la mort d'Alexandre le Grand, la Macédoine passe brièvement sous la tutelle des Antipatrides dans le contexte des guerres des diadoques. En 277, la royauté échoit à Antigone II Gonatas, qui installe la dynastie des Antigonides, laquelle règne jusqu'en 168, lorsque la Macédoine est conquise par les Romains. En 146, la Macédoine devient une province romaine.

Les Macédoniens sont apparentés aux Grecs, mêlés à des peuples thraco-illyriens « indigènes » ; ils parlent l’ancien macédonien, une langue hellénique différente du grec classique. Par ailleurs le pays n'est pas organisé autour de cités indépendantes mais autour d'une aristocratie foncière dirigée par le roi des Macédoniens (et non de Macédoine), expliquant que les Grecs de l'époque classique puissent les considérer comme des « barbares ».

Il regno di Macedonia (in greco antico: Μακεδονία, Makedonìa) è stato un regno del mondo antico, che si trovava nella parte meridionale della Penisola balcanica; originariamente il suo territorio corrispondeva all'omonima regione collocata nella parte nord-orientale dell'antica Grecia^[1] tra l'Epiro a ovest, la Tracia a est, la Peonia a nord e la Tessaglia a sud.

Fondato, secondo la tradizione, agli inizi dell'VIII secolo a.C. dal mitico re Carano, con Filippo II (che fu sovrano dal 359 al 336 a.C.), il regno di Macedonia iniziò la sua ascesa da piccolo stato periferico fino a raggiungere il dominio di tutta la Grecia. Grazie al figlio di Filippo, Alessandro Magno (re dal 336 a.C. al 323 a.C.), il regno si trasformò in un impero che si estendeva dalla penisola ellenica fino al fiume Indo e comprendeva i territori di quello che era stato l'Impero achemenide.

Alla morte di Alessandro Magno, l'impero macedone si disgregò nei regni ellenistici, governati dai Diadochi, i "successori" del re. Alcuni di essi diedero inizio, nelle regioni da loro governate, a delle dinastie di stirpe macedone che avrebbero regnato per secoli, come la dinastia seleucide nell'omonimo impero, che perdurò fino alla deposizione di Filippo II Filoromeo per opera di Pompeo nel 63 a.C.), e la dinastia tolemaica in Egitto, che rimase sul trono sino alla morte di Cleopatra nel 30 a.C.

Alla morte di Alessandro IV, figlio del Magno ed ultimo rappresentante della dinastia argeade, il regno di Macedonia fu governato dapprima dalla dinastia antipatride e poi da quella antigonide, pur con le brevi parentesi dei regni di Pirro, Lisimaco e Tolomeo Cerauno.

Con la battaglia di Pidna (168 a.C.), il regno fu conquistato dai Romani, che lo annetterono definitivamente nel 148 a.C., dopo aver domato la breve riscossa dell'ultimo re macedone Andrisco (Filippo VI) e trasformato la Macedonia in una provincia della repubblica romana.

El Reino de Macedonia fue un Estado griego de la antigüedad clásica y de la helenística, en el norte de la actual Grecia, bordeada por el Reino de Epiro en el oeste y la región de Tracia en el este. Este reino se consolidó durante el siglo V a. C. y experimentó un importante ascenso de su poder durante el siglo IV a. C. con el gobierno de Filipo II, que convirtió Macedonia en la principal potencia de Grecia. Su hijo Alejandro Magno (Alejandro III ) conquistó la mayor parte del mundo conocido, inaugurando el Período Helenístico de la historia griega.

Macedonia se divide tradicionalmente en dos grandes regiones, la Alta y la Baja Macedonia. Era un país de trigo y pastos, de aldeanos y jinetes, y con una costa marítima reducida. Los historiadores creen que sus habitantes eran griegos de dialecto dórico, al igual que los de la región de Epiro, Rodas y el Peloponeso, y que hablaban un dialecto griego muy cercano al de estas regiones (véase Antiguo idioma macedonio).

Македо́ния (греч. Μακεδονία) — античное греческое государство на Балканском полуострове со столицей в Эгесе, на западе граничившее с государством Эпир, на востоке — с Фракией, на юге — с Фессалией. Отсюда Александр Македонский начал поход на Персию. 

阿兰布拉（阿拉伯语：الحمراء‎，拉丁化：Al Ħamrā'；即红色城堡、红宫，西班牙语：Alhambra，发音是“阿兰布拉”）是一个位于西班牙南部城市格拉纳达的于摩尔王朝时期修建的古代清真寺—宫殿—城堡建 筑群。阿兰布拉最初的原址建有要塞称为Al-Andalus，宫殿为原格拉纳达摩尔人国王所建，现在则是一处穆斯林建筑、文化博物馆。1232年在老城改 建的基础上逐步形成现存规模。宫墙外围有30米高的石砌城墙。有两组主要建筑群：一组为“石榴院”，另一组为“狮子院”。

统治格拉纳达的奈斯尔王朝（Nasrid dynasty）的第一代统治者穆罕穆德一世（Mohammed I ibn Nasr）修建了阿兰布拉，因穆罕穆德被称为“红人之子”，这座宫殿又叫作“红宫”。其作为伊斯兰教世俗建筑与造园技艺完美结合的建筑名作以及阿拉伯式宫殿庭院建筑的优秀代表，1984年被选入联合国教科文组织世界文化遗产名录之中。

Die Alhambra [aˈlambɾa] ist eine bedeutende Stadtburg (kasbah) auf dem Sabikah-Hügel von Granada in Spanien, die als eines der bedeutendsten Beispiele des maurischen Stils der islamischen Kunst gilt. Die Alhambra ist eine der meistbesuchten Touristenattraktionen Europas und seit 1984 Weltkulturerbe. Die Burganlage ist etwa 740 m lang und bis zu 220 m breit. Im Osten ist ihr der Sommerpalast Generalife vorgelagert.  

アルハンブラ宮殿（アルハンブラきゅうでん、スペイン語: la Alhambra ラランブラ）は、スペインのアンダルシア州グラナダ県グラナダ市南東の丘の上に位置する城塞・宮殿である。 

ウマの背のような形をした丘は頂上部が長さ 740 メートル、幅 205 メートルにわたって平坦になっており、夏場非常に暑いと言われるグラナダの中でもとても涼しい場所に位置している。

宮殿と呼ばれているが城塞の性質も備えており、その中に住宅、官庁、軍隊、厩舎、モスク、学校、浴場、墓地、庭園といった様々な施設を備えていた。その大部分はイベリア半島最後のムスリム政権・ナスル朝の時代に建設され、スルタン（王）の居所として用いられた。14世紀の学者アフマド・アル・ウマリーの地理書によると、スルタンは月曜と木曜にアルハンブラのある丘の上で、人民に対し、コーランの10章とムハンマドの言行録の一部を朗読したとされる。

建築の材料には、レンガ、木材、練土などのもろいものが多く、彫刻を施した石材などは最低限しか使用されていない。アルハンブラ宮殿の中心は、いくつかの建造物に囲まれた中庭（パティオ）におかれ、他のイスラーム建築の例に倣っている。

建物は白を基調としているが、アルハンブラとはアラビア語で「赤い城塞」を意味するアル＝カルア・アル＝ハムラー (القلعة الحمراء, al-qal‘ah al-ḥamrā') と呼ばれていたものが、スペイン語において転訛したものである^[1]。この名称の由来については、城塞周辺の土地の土壌が赤いため、あるいは建築に使われた煉瓦の色であるとか、宮殿が赤い漆喰で覆われていたからなど諸説あるが、イブン・アルハティブは、アルハンブラ宮殿増築の時、夜を通してかがり火を燃やして工事したためグラナダ平野から見上げた宮殿は赤く染まって見えたことからこのように呼ばれたという説を唱え、これが一般的な説として通用している。^[要出典]スペイン語表記ではAlhambraと綴る。

The Alhambra (/ælˈhæmbrə/; Spanish: [aˈlambɾa]; Arabic: الْحَمْرَاء‎ [ʔælħæmˈɾˠɑːʔ], Al-Ḥamrā, lit. "The Red One",^{[Note 1][Note 2]} the complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra)^{[Note 3]} is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain. It was originally constructed as a small fortress in AD 889 on the remains of Roman fortifications, and then largely ignored until its ruins were renovated and rebuilt in the mid-13th century by the Nasrid emir Mohammed ben Al-Ahmar of the Emirate of Granada, who built its current palace and walls. It was converted into a royal palace in 1333 by Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada.^[1] After the conclusion of the Christian Reconquista in 1492, the site became the Royal Court of Ferdinand and Isabella (where Christopher Columbus received royal endorsement for his expedition), and the palaces were partially altered in the Renaissance style. In 1526 Charles I & V commissioned a new Renaissance palace better befitting the Holy Roman Emperor in the revolutionary Mannerist style influenced by Humanist philosophy in direct juxtaposition with the Nasrid Andalusian architecture, but it was ultimately never completed due to Morisco rebellions in Granada.

Alhambra's last flowering of Islamic palaces were built for the last Muslim emirs in Spain during the decline of the Nasrid dynasty, who were increasingly subject to the Christian Kings of Castile. After being allowed to fall into disrepair for centuries, the buildings occupied by squatters, Alhambra was rediscovered following the defeat of Napoleon, who had conducted retaliatory destruction of the site. The rediscoverers were first British intellectuals and then other north European Romantic travelers. It is now one of Spain's major tourist attractions, exhibiting the country's most significant and well-known Islamic architecture, together with 16th-century and later Christian building and garden interventions. The Alhambra is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the inspiration for many songs and stories.^[2]

Moorish poets described it as "a pearl set in emeralds," an allusion to the colour of its buildings and the woods around them.^[3] The palace complex was designed with the mountainous site in mind and many forms of technology were considered. The park (Alameda de la Alhambra), which is overgrown with wildflowers and grass in the spring, was planted by the Moors with roses, oranges, and myrtles; its most characteristic feature, however, is the dense wood of English elms brought by the Duke of Wellington in 1812. The park has a multitude of nightingales and is usually filled with the sound of running water from several fountains and cascades. These are supplied through a conduit 8 km (5.0 mi) long, which is connected with the Darro at the monastery of Jesus del Valle above Granada.^[4]

Despite long neglect, willful vandalism, and some ill-judged restoration, the Alhambra endures as an atypical example of Muslim art in its final European stages, relatively uninfluenced by the direct Byzantine influences found in the Mezquita of Córdoba. The majority of the palace buildings are quadrangular in plan, with all the rooms opening on to a central court, and the whole reached its present size simply by the gradual addition of new quadrangles, designed on the same principle, though varying in dimensions, and connected with each other by smaller rooms and passages. Alhambra was extended by the different Muslim rulers who lived in the complex. However, each new section that was added followed the consistent theme of "paradise on earth". Column arcades, fountains with running water, and reflecting pools were used to add to the aesthetic and functional complexity. In every case, the exterior was left plain and austere. Sun and wind were freely admitted. Blue, red, and a golden yellow, all somewhat faded through lapse of time and exposure, are the colors chiefly employed.^[4]

The decoration consists for the upper part of the walls, as a rule, of Arabic inscriptions—mostly poems by Ibn Zamrak and others praising the palace—that are manipulated into geometrical patterns with vegetal background set onto an arabesque setting ("Ataurique"). Much of this ornament is carved stucco (plaster) rather than stone. Tile mosaics ("alicatado"), with complicated mathematical patterns ("tracería", most precisely "lacería"), are largely used as panelling for the lower part. Similar designs are displayed on wooden ceilings (Alfarje).^[4] Muqarnas are the main elements for vaulting with stucco, and some of the most accomplished dome examples of this kind are in the Court of the Lions halls. The palace complex is designed in the Nasrid style, the last blooming of Islamic Art in the Iberian Peninsula, that had a great influence on the Maghreb to the present day, and on contemporary Mudejar Art, which is characteristic of western elements reinterpreted into Islamic forms and widely popular during the Reconquista in Spain.

L'Alhambra (en arabe : الْحَمْرَاء, Al-Ḥamrā' , « la rouge ») de Grenade en Andalousie, est un ensemble palatial constituant l'un des monuments majeurs de l'architecture islamique. Acropole médiévale la plus majestueuse du monde méditerranéen, située sur le plateau de la Sabika qui domine la ville, elle se compose essentiellement de quatre parties incluses dans son enceinte fortifiée : l'Alcazaba, les palais nasrides, le Généralife , ses jardins, et le palais de Charles Quint.

C'est avec la Grande mosquée de Cordoue le plus prestigieux témoin de la présence musulmane en Espagne du VIII^e au XV^e siècle. Leurs caractères sont d'ailleurs opposés : à la sobriété grandiose du monument religieux représentatif de la première architecture islamique, s'oppose l'exubérance de la dernière manière hispano-mauresque : celle-ci s'exprime en effet dans les palais des derniers souverains nasrides, alors en pleine décadence, et qui disparaîtront bientôt lors des derniers assauts de la Reconquista.

L'Alhambra è un complesso palaziale andaluso a Granada. Etimologicamente, Alhambra in arabo è "al-Ḥamrā'" (la Rossa, Arabo الحمراء), dal momento che il suo nome intero era Qalʿat al-ḥamrāʾ (Cittadella rossa).

Secondo alcune versioni il nome veniva dal colore rosato delle mura che circondavano l'Alhambra. L'Alhambra è una vera città murata (medina) che occupa la maggior parte del colle della Sabika, mentre per parte sua Granada fruiva di un altro sistema di mura protettive di cinta. Pertanto l'Alhambra poteva funzionare in modo autonomo rispetto a Granada. Nell'Alhambra vi erano tutti i servizi propri necessari agli abitanti che vi vivevano: moschee, scuole, botteghe e altro.

Nel 1238 fece il suo ingresso a Granada dalla Porta di Elvira, per occupare il Palazzo del Gallo del Vento, Muḥammad ibn Naṣr (noto anche come Naẓar), chiamato al-Ḥamar, "Il Rosso", perché aveva la barba di colore rossiccio, fondatore della dinastia nasride del Sultanato di Granada.

Quando Muḥammad ibn Naṣr entrò trionfatore a Granada, la popolazione lo accolse al grido di Benvenuto al vincitore per la grazia di Dio (marhab^an li-l-Nāṣir), al quale egli rispose dicendo: Non v'è altro vincitore se non Dio (wa lā ghālib illā Allāh). Questo è il motto dello stemma nasride ed è scritto in tutta l'Alhambra. Muḥammad ibn Naṣr fece edificare il primo nucleo del palazzo. Suo figlio Muhammad II, che fu amico di Alfonso X di Castiglia, lo fortificò. Nel 1492, con la conquista di Granada da parte dei Re Cattolici, l'Alhambra passò ad essere palazzo reale dei re di Spagna e questo salvò il complesso dalla distruzione patita invece da tanti altri monumenti islamici a seguito della Reconquista.

Lo stile granadino nell'Alhambra rappresenta il punto supremo raggiunto dall'arte andalusa, che non si realizzò fino alla metà del secolo XIV con Yusuf I e Muhammad V nel 1333 e 1354.

Il Comitato del patrimonio mondiale dell'UNESCO ha dichiarato l'Alhambra e il Generalife di Granada Patrimonio Culturale dell'Umanità nella sua sessione del giorno 2 novembre 1984.

È stata indicata tra i 21 candidati finalisti per essere indicata come una delle sette meraviglie del mondo moderno. Il complesso copre più di 100.000 m² di superficie.

La Alhambra es una ciudad palatina andalusí situada en Granada, en la comunidad autónoma de Andalucía, España. Consiste en un conjunto de palacios, jardines y fortaleza (alcázar o al-qasr القصر) que albergaba una verdadera ciudadela dentro de la propia ciudad de Granada, que servía como alojamiento al monarca y a la corte del Reino nazarí de Granada. Su verdadero atractivo, como en otras obras musulmanas de la época, no solo radica en los interiores, cuya decoración está entre las cumbres del arte andalusí, sino también en su localización y adaptación, generando un paisaje nuevo pero totalmente integrado con la naturaleza preexistente. En 2016 fue el segundo monumento más visitado de España, por detrás del Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia de Barcelona,²​ recibiendo la cifra histórica de 2 615 188 visitantes.³​ 

Альгáмбра (исп. Alhambra, от араб. الحمراء‎ аль-хамра — «красная»^[3]) — архитектурно-парковый ансамбль, расположенный на холмистой террасе в восточной части города Гранада в Южной Испании. Основное развитие получил во времена правления мусульманской династии Насридов (1230—1492), при которых Гранада стала столицей Гранадского эмирата на Иберийском полуострове, а Альгамбра — их резиденцией (сохранившиеся дворцы относятся преимущественно к XIV веку). В состав обширного комплекса, заключенного в крепостные стены с башнями, входили также мечети, жилые дома, бани, сады, склады, кладбище. В настоящее время является музеем исламской архитектуры.

Внутренние дворики, переходы, фонтаны и водоёмы прекрасно сочетаются друг с другом. Керамические изразцы, резьба по камню и дереву, причудливые растительные орнаменты и арабская вязь образуют пышное декоративное убранство арок, сводов, изящных столбиков, стройных колонн и резных узорчатых окон. Многие считают Альгамбру высшим достижением мавританского искусства в Западной Европе.

Свет и вода играют важную роль в общей композиции. В уголке парка, спланированном террасами, журчит вода. Она пенится в каскадах, сверкает брызгами фонтанов, резво бежит по каналам и льётся, наполняя пруды и водоёмы. Всё это — в окружении кипарисовых аллей, апельсиновых деревьев, цветущих клумб на фоне покрытых вечными снегами горных вершин и ярко-голубого неба.