Deutsch-Chinesische Enzyklopädie, 德汉百科
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Bound tariffs are specific commitments made by individual WTO member governments. The bound tariff is the maximum MFN tariff level for a given commodity line. When countries join the WTO or when WTO members negotiate tariff levels with each other during trade rounds, they make agreements about bound tariff rates, rather than actually applied rates.
Bound tariffs are not necessarily the rate that a WTO member applies in practice to other WTO members' products. Members have the flexibility increase or decrease their tariffs (on a non-discriminatory basis) so long as they didn't raise them above their bound levels. If one WTO member raises applied tariffs above their bound level, other WTO members can take the country to dispute settlement. If the country did not reduced applied tariffs below their bound levels, other countries could request compensation in the form of higher tariffs of their own. In other words, the applied tariff is less than or equal to the bound tariff in practice for any particular product.
The gap between the bound and applied MFN rates is called the binding overhang. Trade economists argue that a large binding overhang makes a country's trade policies less predictable. This gap tends to be small on average in industrial countries and often fairly large in developing countries.
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自动柜员机[注 1]（英语：Automated Teller Machine，ATM，新加坡称为自动提款机，北美华人称自动金融机[注 2]），是指银行设置一种小型机器，利用一张信用卡大小的磁条卡或芯片卡上的芯片来记录客户的基本户口资料（通常称银行卡，或称金融卡、取款卡等），让客户可以透过机器自助办理取款、存款、转账等银行柜台服务，一些客户把这种自助机器称为“取款机”。
Ein Geldautomat, Geldausgabeautomat (GAA), Bankautomat, Bankomat,[1][2] Bancomat oder wie im Englischen ATM (Automated Teller Machine) ist ein technisches Gerät zur Bargeldabhebung in Selbstbedienung bei Geld- und Kreditinstituten vom eigenen Giro- oder Kreditkartenkonto (siehe auch Electronic Cash). Mittlerweile kann bei vielen Automaten auch eingezahlt werden, und bei einigen davon ist das auch in Fremdwährungen möglich. Der Geldausgabeautomat war – noch vor dem PC – das erste Computerterminal, das breiten Bevölkerungsschichten weltweit zugänglich war.