Japanischer Führerschein/運転免許／うんてんめんきょ
驾驶执照（日语：運転免許／うんてんめんきょ unten menkyo），是指在日本国内，驾驶汽车与摩托化自行车上路所需要的必要证件。在日本的国内制度中，国家公安委员会和警察厅交通局负责管理、监督和授予驾照国家资格的职责。同时，日本驾驶执照为众多日本国家资格中，最多日本国民所持有的。在日本如没有特别指明，一般都会简称作“免许”（日语：免許／めんきょ Menkyo）。
驾驶执照（日语：運転免許／うんてんめんきょ unten menkyo），是指在日本国内，驾驶汽车与摩托化自行车上路所需要的必要证件。在日本的国内制度中，国家公安委员会和警察厅交通局负责管理、监督和授予驾照国家资格的职责。同时，日本驾驶执照为众多日本国家资格中，最多日本国民所持有的[1]。在日本如没有特别指明，一般都会简称作“免许”（日语：免許／めんきょ Menkyo）。
In Japan ist ein Führerschein (運転免許, Unten menkyo) erforderlich, um ein Auto, Motorrad oder Moped auf öffentlichen Straßen zu fahren. Die Führerscheine werden von den Kommissionen für öffentliche Sicherheit der Präfekturregierungen ausgestellt und landesweit von der Nationalen Polizeibehörde überwacht.
Japanese licenses are divided by experience level and by vehicle type.
Classes
| Name | Japanese | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Provisional license | 仮運転免許 | Issued to a new driver undergoing training for their Class 1 license. Requires the driver to display learner's black-on-white plates on the exterior of the vehicle, and to be accompanied by a supervising experienced Class 1 license holder while driving. This license expires unless a learner driver gains a Class 1 license within six months. |
| Class 1 license | 第一種運転免許 | The ordinary licence for operating a private car. |
| Class 2 licenses | 第二種運転免許 | Required when operating a commercial passenger-carrying vehicle such as a taxi or bus. Driver must be 21 years of age or older and have at least three years of experience driving under a Class 1 ordinary vehicle/heavy special vehicle license (relaxed to two years for members of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. One year and 19 years old by certain lesson in driving school). |
Categories
The vehicle classes are as follows:
| Name | Japanese | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Heavy vehicle | 大型自動車 | Any vehicle which weighs 11,000 kg or more in total, has maximum capacity of 6,500 kg or more, or carries 30 or more people, and is not classified as special vehicle, motorcycle or moped. |
| Medium vehicle | 中型自動車 | Any vehicle which weighs between 7,500 kg and 11,000 kg in total, has a maximum capacity between 4,500 kg and 7,500 kg, or carries 11 to 29 people, and is not classified as heavy vehicle, special vehicle, motorcycle or moped. |
| Semi-Medium vehicle | 準中型自動車 | Any vehicle which weighs between 3,500 kg and 7,500 kg in total, has a maximum capacity between 2,000 kg and 4,500 kg, and is not classified as heavy vehicle, medium vehicle, special vehicle, motorcycle or moped. |
| Ordinary vehicle | 普通自動車 | Any motorised vehicle which is not classified as heavy vehicle, medium vehicle, semi-medium vehicle, special vehicle, motorcycle or moped. |
| Heavy special vehicle | 大型特殊自動車 | Specialised automotive equipment such as tractors or cranes which are used for particular work and are not classified as small special vehicles. |
| Small special vehicle | 小型特殊自動車 | Specialized automotive equipment with a maximum speed of 15 km/h or less and no larger than 4.7m × 1.7m × 2.8m. |
| Heavy motorcycle | 大型自動二輪車 | Any motorcycle including a sidecar with a power exceeding 20 Kw (400cc for engine displacement), and is not classified as special vehicle. |
| Ordinary motorcycle | 普通自動二輪車 | Any motorcycle including a sidecar, and is not classified as special vehicle, heavy motorcycle or moped. |
| Moped | 原動機付自転車 | Any motorcycle with a power 0.6Kw or less (50cc or less for engine displacement), or motorized quadricycle which is not larger than 2.5m x 1.3m x 2.0m with a power 0.25Kw or less(20cc or less for engine displacement). |
The "restricted to automatic" license (AT限定免許) can be issued for ordinary vehicle (including Class 2 license), ordinary motorcycle and heavy motorcycle license classes. The "restricted to small motorcycle" license (小型二輪免許 1.0Kw/125cc or less) can be issued for ordinary motorcycle license class, and can be issued along with the "restricted to automatic" license.
Vehicle Type Ratings
The vehicle type ratings are as follows:
| Type of Class 1 license |
Vehicle types allowed to drive | Minimum age |
|||||||||
| Vehicle (自動車) | Special vehicle (特殊自動車) | Motorcycle (自動二輪車) | Moped (原動機付自転車) |
||||||||
| Heavy (大型) | Medium (中型) | Semi-Med (準中型) | Ordinary (普通) | Heavy (大型) | Small (小型) | Heavy (大型) | Ordinary (普通) | ||||
| Vehicle license (自動車免許) |
Heavy (大型) | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | 21* | |||
| Medium (中型) | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | 20* | |||||
| Semi-Med (準中型) | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | 18 | ||||||
| Ordinary (普通) | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | 18 | |||||||
| Special vehicle license (特殊自動車免許) |
Heavy (大型) | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | 18 | ||||||
| Small (小型) | Permitted | 16 | |||||||||
| Motorcycle license (自動二輪車免許) |
Heavy (大型) | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | 18 | |||||
| Ordinary (普通) | Permitted | Permitted | Permitted | 16 | |||||||
| Moped license (原動機付自転車免許) | Permitted | 16 | |||||||||
| Trailer license (牽引免許) | Required to drive any heavy vehicle, medium vehicle, semi-medium vehicle, ordinary vehicle or heavy special vehicle, towing a trailer weighing more than 750 kg gross (other than when towing damaged vehicles). | 18 | |||||||||
- The minimum requirement for heavy or medium vehicle license can be relaxed to 19 years old and one year experience under ordinary vehicle/heavy special vehicle license by certain lesson in driving school.[1]