Goryeo war der Name eines mittelalterlichen Reichs auf der Koreanischen Halbinsel. Man rechnet die Reichsdauer von 918 bis 1392, auch wenn Korea erst 936 in den Grenzen des alten Silla-Reichs ganz wiedervereinigt war. Von „Goryeo“ leitet sich die in den meisten westlichen Sprachen verwendete Bezeichnung „Korea“ ab.[1]
高丽[注 1]（918年－1392年），又称高丽王朝、王氏高丽[注 2]，是朝鲜半岛古代王朝之一。918年泰封国弓裔王的部将王建推翻弓裔建立高丽国，定都于自己的家乡开京（即今开城）。高丽历史在朝鲜半岛维持了近500年，直到1392年朝鲜王朝的建立。
佛教是高丽国的国教。历经16年时间雕刻成的高丽大藏经是世界瑰宝之一。高丽国青瓷制作手艺精湛，闻名世界。[2][3][4]部分观点认为，高丽是世界上最早出现金属活字印刷术的国家[5][6]，但史学界大多数则认为中国在更早的时期已经发明了铜活字印刷术，并用于印制纸钞。[7]
高丽国都的开城在三国时代属于高句丽，所以王建以高丽为国号（“高丽”的名称源于“高句丽”，高丽就是高句丽王朝后期通用的简称）。高丽被今天的朝鲜政府认为是朝鲜族历史上第一个统一国家。[8] 但有些学者并不同意这种观点，认为历史上第一个统一朝鲜的国家是新罗，如韩国学者李基白就表示：“毕竟是统一的新罗的领土和人民，在那里形成的社会文化构成了后来朝鲜历史的主流”。韩国前总统金大中也曾在文中提及统一的新罗为韩国历史的源头。[9]
高麗（こうらい、ハングル：고려;[koɾjʌ]、918年 - 1392年）は、918年に王建（太祖）が建国し、936年に朝鮮半島の後三国を統一し、李氏朝鮮が建てられた1392年まで続いた国家である。首都は開京。10世紀の最大版図時に高麗の領土は朝鮮半島の大部分に加えて元山市や 鴨緑江まで及んだ。
高麗の名称は朝鮮半島を表す「Korea（英語）」や「Corée（フランス語）」などの語源ともなった。
Goryeo (고려; 高麗; Koryŏ; [ko.ɾjʌ]) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392.[4] Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unification" by Korean historians as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but soon afterward incorporated much of the ruling class of the northern kingdom of Balhae, who had origins in Goguryeo of the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea.[5][6] The name "Korea" is derived from the name of Goryeo, also spelled Koryŏ, which was first used in the early 5th century by Goguryeo.[7]
The once prosperous kingdom of Later Silla, which had ruled most of the Korean Peninsula since the late 7th century, began crumbling by the late 9th century due to internal turmoil, leading to the revival of the ancient states of Baekje and Goguryeo, known in historiography as "Later Baekje" and "Later Goguryeo".[8] Later Goguryeo, also known as Taebong, was overthrown from within in 918 by General Wang Geon, the son of a regional lord of noble Goguryeo descent, who established Goryeo in its place. Goryeo peacefully annexed Later Silla in 935 and militarily conquered Later Baekje in 936, successfully reunifying the Korean Peninsula. Beginning in 993, Goryeo faced multiple invasions by the Khitan Liao dynasty, a powerful nomadic empire to the north, but a decisive military victory in 1019 brought about a century of peace and prosperity as Goryeo entered its golden age.[9] During this period, a balance of power was maintained in East Asia between Goryeo, Liao, and Song.[9][10]
The Goryeo period was the "golden age of Buddhism" in Korea,[11] and as the national religion, Buddhism achieved its highest level of influence in Korean history, with 70 temples in the capital alone in the 11th century.[12] Commerce flourished in Goryeo, with merchants coming from as far as the Middle East,[13][14] and the capital in modern-day Kaesong, North Korea was a center of trade and industry, with merchants employing a system of double-entry bookkeeping since the 11th or 12th century.[15] In addition, Goryeo was a period of great achievements in Korean art and culture, such as Koryo celadon, which was highly praised in the Song dynasty,[16][17] and the Tripitaka Koreana, which was described by UNESCO as "one of the most important and most complete corpus of Buddhist doctrinal texts in the world", with the original 81,258 engraved printing blocks still preserved at Haeinsa Temple.[18] In the early 13th century, Goryeo developed movable type made of metal to print books, 200 years before Johannes Gutenberg in Europe.[16][19][20]
Beginning in 1170, the government of Goryeo was de facto controlled by a succession of powerful families from the warrior class, most notably the Choe family, in a military dictatorship akin to a shogunate.[21] During the military rule, Goryeo withstood invasions by the Mongol Empire for almost 30 years, until the ruling head of the Choe family was assassinated in 1258 by opponents in the court, after which authority was restored to the monarchy and peace was made with the Mongols; however, power struggles continued in the court and military rule did not end until 1270.[22] From that point on, Goryeo became a semi-autonomous "son-in-law nation" of the Mongol Yuan dynasty through royal intermarriage and blood ties.[23] Independence was regained during the reign of Gongmin in the mid 14th century, and afterward Generals Choe Yeong and Yi Seong-gye rose to prominence with victories over invading Red Turban armies from the north and Wokou marauders from the south.[24] In 1388, Yi Seong-gye was sent to invade the Ming dynasty at Liaodong, but he turned his forces around and defeated Choe Yeong in a coup d'etat; in 1392, he replaced Goryeo with the new state of Joseon, bringing an end to 474 years of Goryeo rule on the Korean Peninsula.
Le royaume de Goryeo (hangeul : 고려, hanja : 高麗, litt. Beauté élevée), parfois orthographié Koryo ou Koryŏ, est l'État qui a occupé toute la superficie de la péninsule de Corée du début du Xe siècle à la fin du XIVe siècle (918–1392). Pendant deux siècles, les arts et le commerce font la richesse de la Corée et le bouddhisme prend une très grande place. La capitale est alors Gaegyeong, aujourd'hui Kaesong en Corée du Nord.
Durant les deux siècles qui suivent cette période de paix et de prospérité, aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles, les invasions mongoles ravagent totalement le pays. Les Mongols installent leur pouvoir central à Pékin : c'est la dynastie Yuan. Ils y restent 89 ans et sont finalement vaincus en Corée à la fin des années 1370 et au début des années 1380 par le général Yi Seonggye. Ce général fonde la dynastie Yi, ou dynastie Joseon, en 1392.
Goryeo (고려?, 高麗?, KoryŏMR) fu un regno coreano fondato nel 918 da re Taejo, che unificò i Tre regni posteriori nel 936 e governò la maggior parte della penisola coreana finché non fu sostituito da Joseon nel 1392. Goryeo espanse i confini della Corea a Wŏnsan nel nord-est (936–943), al fiume Yalu (993) e infine a quasi tutta la penisola (1374). Dal suo nome deriva l'esonimo "Corea"[1].
Due dei prodotti più famosi di questo periodo furono le ceramiche celadon e i Tripitaka Koreana, le sacre scritture buddhiste (Tripiṭaka) incise su 80.000 tavolette di legno conservate al tempio Haein. Il più antico libro stampato a caratteri mobili sopravvissuto, il Jikji, fu stampato nel 1377[2].
Nel 668, Silla conquistò Baekje e Goguryeo stringendo un'alleanza con la Cina della dinastia Tang, ma, per la fine del nono secolo, si ritrovò a vacillare, poiché i suoi sovrani erano privi di fantasia e pressati dal potere di potenti uomini di stato. Molti ladri e fuorilegge iniziarono ad agitarsi, e nel 900 Gyeon Hwon si ribellò al controllo di Silla nella regione del Jeolla, creando il Baekje posteriore; l'anno seguente, anche Gung Ye si ribellò nelle regioni settentrionali, dando vita al Taebong (Goguryeo posteriore). Il figlio di un signorotto locale, Wang Geon, diventò un generale di quest'ultimo regno.
Taebong cadde nel 918 quando Wang Geon si ribellò e uccise Gung Ye, venendo incoronato Taejo di Goryeo a giugno dello stesso anno. Silla fu sopraffatto da Goryeo e Baekje, e si arrese al primo nel 935. Nel 936, anche Baekje si arrese e, in seguito, un'unica dinastia governò Goryeo ininterrottamente per 474 anni, anche se il governo fu controllato dai capi del regime militare tra il 1170 e il 1270.
Entro la fine del XIII secolo, dopo quasi trent'anni di guerra contro i Mongoli della dinastia Yuan, Goryeo perse la maggior parte del suo potere, ma mantenne un controllo nominale. Anche se re Gongmin riuscì a liberare il suo paese dalla dominazione Yuan a metà del secolo successivo, il generale Yi Seonggye si ribellò e rovesciò re Gongyang nel 1392, incoronandosi Taejo di Joseon. Gongyang fu ucciso nel 1394.
Goryeo o Koryo (918-1392) (en hangul: 고려, en hanja: 高麗國; McCune-Reischauer: Koryŏ) fue una dinastía en Corea fundada en 918 por el rey Wang Geon (también conocido como rey Taejo), un general que había servido a un príncipe rebelde de Silla, Gung Ye (궁예). Después de expulsar a Gung Ye, Wang Geon unificó posteriormente los Tres Reinos de Corea en 936. Los descendientes de Wang Geon reinaron en Goryeo hasta 1392 cuando fueron derrocados por el fundador de la dinastía Joseon. Goryeo expandió sus fronteras hasta lo que hoy en día es Wonsan hacia el noreste (936-943), hacia el río Amnok en 993, y finalmente cubrió casi toda la península de Corea.
Wang Geon estableció como la capital del reino a su ciudad natal Song-do (송도) —situada a unos 60,5 km al noroeste de Seúl—, y anunció una política de recuperación del territorio perdido de Goguryeo en Manchuria. Por esta razón, llamó a su reino Goryeo, de donde procede el actual nombre de Corea.
Desde el inicio, la corte real de Goryeo adoptó el budismo como la religión oficial del estado a fin de unir los habitantes a lo largo de la península coreana. El budismo alcanzó un gran esplendor y estimuló la construcción de templos y el tallado de imágenes de Buda incluso éstas pinturas se consideraron obras maestras tanto en Corea como alrededor de Asia en la misma época; gracias a sus colores brillantes, formas elegantes, gráficas lúcidas y símbolos religiosos.1 Sin embargo, los templos y los monjes llegaron a tener un poder excesivo, y durante los últimos años de este reino, los conflictos entre funcionarios letrados y guerreros debilitaron el país. Las incursiones de los mongoles, que comenzaron en el año 1231, terminaron con la ocupación de Goryeo durante casi un siglo.
Корё — государство на Корейском полуострове, появившееся после падения государства Силла в 935 году и существовавшее до воцарения династии Чосон в 1392 году.
Название «Корё» является сокращением от Когурё, одного из трёх раннефеодальных государств Кореи, объединённых Силлой в 668 году. Современное слово «Корея» происходит от «Корё».
Наиболее известные достижения государства — гончарное искусство Корё и Трипитака Кореана — буддийский канон (Трипитака), вырезанные на десятках тысяч деревянных досок. В Корё в 1234 году была создана первая в мире металлическая печатная матрица (см. Чикчи).
