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Das Allgemeine Zoll- und Handelsabkommen (englisch General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT) wurde am 30. Oktober 1947 abgeschlossen, als der Plan für eine Internationale Handelsorganisation (ITO) nicht verwirklicht werden konnte. Das Abkommen trat am 1. Januar 1948 in Kraft.
关税与贸易总协定(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,缩写:GATT),简称关贸总协定,是在布雷顿森林体系中,为规范和促进国际贸易和发展而缔结的国际协定。















































Virtually all countries in the world joined at least one preferential trade agreement, under which they promise to give another country's products lower tariffs than their MFN rate. In a customs union (such as the Southern Africa Customs Union or the European Community) or a free trade area (e.g., NAFTA), the preferential tariff rate is zero on essentially all products. These agreements are reciprocal: all parties agree to give each other the benefits of lower tariffs. Some agreements specify that members will receive a percentage reduction from the MFN tariff, but not necessarily zero tariffs. Preferences therefore differ between partners and agreements.
Many countries, particularly the wealthier ones, give developing countries unilateral preferential treatment, rather than through a reciprocal agreement. The largest of these programs is the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), which was initiated in the 1960s. The European Union, Japan, United States offer multiple unilateral preference programs. The EU's Everything But Arms (EBA) program is one example. Exporting countries may have access to several different preference programs from a given importing partner and for a given product.
















































































Geldmenge M1 plus Einlagen mit vereinbarter Laufzeit von bis zu zwei Jahren (Termineinlagen) sowie Einlagen mit einer vereinbarten Kündigungsfrist von bis zu drei Monaten (Spareinlagen)
广义货币(M2)=M1+居民储蓄存款+单位定期存款+单位其他存款+证券公司客户保证金















































































































































































