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Useful info
通货膨胀
Inflation Rate by Country 2022
通货膨胀(英语:inflation,在中华民国简称通膨,在中华人民共和国简称为通胀)本意为货币发行数量增加,但现在经常指向,一般物价水准在某一时期内,连续性地以相当的幅度上涨的状态,也就是物价上 升的现象。“通货”意指流通的货币,通货膨胀指货币发行数量上升,而物价上涨是因货币消费,需求增加,“太多的货币追逐太少的商品”所形成,但现在人们经 常将两者混淆,直接使用“通货膨胀”一词来作为表示“物价上升”。而货币发行数量上升,不等于物价上升,而某些情况,比如说,若是流向生产端扩充产能,反 而可能造成供过于求,物价反而会下跌[1],形成货币发行数量增加但物价却下跌,与常识相悖的经济现象。
通货膨胀与货币贬值不同,整体通货膨胀为特定经济体内之货币购买力的下降,而货币贬値为货币在不同经济体间之相对价値的降低。前者影响此货币在使用国内的价値,而后者影响此货币在国际市场上的价値,两者之相关性为经济学上的争议之一。
因为不同物价影响不同人,通货膨胀有许多不同的衡量方式,最常见两种衡量指数为衡量账面消费者物价的消费者物价指数,和衡量新出现的商品和服务的通货膨胀的GDP平减指数。
主流经济学家对于通货膨胀起因的看法可大略分为两派,“货币主义者”相信货币是通胀率数值最主要的影响,“凯恩斯主义者”相信货币、利率和产出间的相互作用才是最主要的影响,凯恩斯主义者也倾向除了一般标准消费性商品物价通胀外再另附上生产性商品(资本)通胀。其他理论,例如奥地利经济学派,相信通胀是中央银行增加货币供给导致。简单地说,当政府发行了过多货币时,货币贬値,物价上升。
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破产
德國經濟科隆研究所 德国经济科隆研究所
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法国国际关系学院
Das Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri; deutsch Französisches Institut für internationale Beziehungen) ist das größte französische Diskussions- und Forschungszentrum für Außenpolitik und internationale Fragen.
奧斯陸和平研究所/Peace Research Institute Oslo,PRIO
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哈勒经济研究所
法国国家统计与经济研究所