Deutsch-Chinesische Enzyklopädie, 德汉百科

       
German — Chinese
Ships and Nautics Sailing ship

詹姆斯·克莱格号
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胡安·塞巴斯蒂安·德·埃尔卡诺号
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日德兰号/Fregatten Jylland/日德兰号护卫舰
1860
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海王丸号
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卡里亚克拉号
/assets/contentimages/Kaliakra_ship.jpg
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克拉克帆船/Carrack/Carraca
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卡拉维尔帆船/Caravel/Caravela/十四至十六世纪的三桅帆船

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卡拉维尔帆船Caravel,又译卡拉维拉帆船葡萄牙语Caravela,或拉丁式大帆船)为一款盛行在15世纪的三桅帆船,当时的葡萄牙西班牙航海家普遍采用它来进行海上探险。这款船是在当时葡萄牙政府的管理下开发,而留下来的文献亦没有详细记述开发的经过及明确的时期。

在卡拉维尔帆船盛行的同一时期,也兴起了一款称为克拉克帆船的远洋帆船。这象征着欧洲的造船技术已经去到另一个高峰。然而,克拉克帆船虽然适合远洋航行,但也不是万能。西班牙人和葡萄牙人虽然采用克拉克帆船对非洲大西洋进行探险及航行,但由于它的庞大船身需要很多人同时操作,成为了航海家们的一种负担。此外,克拉克帆船庞大的船身更使它不大适合行走于地中海一带的狭长海域,而且很容易出现在浅水区触礁的危险。

为此,撇除远洋航行的目的后,葡萄牙人建造了一种约重一百吨的小型帆船,这种帆船就是卡拉维尔帆船。它比克拉克帆船更为轻,而且吃水线亦较浅,更适合于沿岸及河川的探险,亦减低船只的负担。在船帆方面,它使用了地中海普遍见到的三角帆(又称拉丁帆),转舵性能变得更高,船帆更易鼓起,速度亦大幅增加。卡拉维尔帆船满足了当时冒险家要求的经济性、普遍性、操舵性及速度,成为当时欧洲最盛行的帆船。

Die Karavelle war ein zwei- bis viermastiger Segelschifftyp des 14. bis 16. Jahrhunderts. Merkmale waren 100 bis 180 Tonnen Verdrängung, geringer Tiefgang, hohes Heck und zumeist Lateinertakelung. Karavellen waren schnell und zeigten sehr gute Eigenschaften am Wind.

Die portugiesischen und spanischen Karavellen spielten eine entscheidende Rolle bei den Entdeckungs-, Forschungs- und Handelsfahrten entlang der westafrikanischen Küste und nach Amerika.

 

 

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克森尼索号/Херсонес
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Kruzenshtern号帆船

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帆船1926年由德国人制造,二次世界大战德国战败后,将帆船献给俄军,船亦改名Kruzenshtern,取自著名俄罗斯航海家的名字。 帆船早期是运货至南美的商船,1955年起用作俄罗斯海军的训船.

(Quelle:http://www.stadtdatenbank.de)

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卡特帆船/独桅纵帆船/短桅帆船/快艇式帆船/机动渔轮/战舰上的救生艇
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独桅纵帆船只有一根桅杆,与单桅纵帆船(Slooper)相比,其桅杆的位置较靠后大约船身中央位置,成了辨别它的最重要特征。主帆一般是斜桁帆,一般都有船首斜桅,至少两个船首帆,可以是普通艏三角帆(jib)或日内瓦帆等。独桅纵帆船非常好操控,一般两名船员即可,很适合作为领航船。以至于风帆时代之后马达驱动的领航船也常被称为cutter。

Als Kutter (Lehnwort aus dem Englischen cutter, von: to cut ‚schneiden‘) werden verschiedene Boote und kleinere Schiffe bezeichnet. Kennzeichen des Kutters ist seine Rumpfform mit scharfem, (fast) senkrechtem Vorsteven und deutlicher Verjüngung an Bug und Heck. Dieser Linienriss ermöglicht eine relativ hohe Geschwindigkeit trotz der typischen gedrungenen Form. 

 

 
 
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尼娜号
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平塔号
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