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Partner of the Paris 2024 organizing committee
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Die Toyota Motor Corporation (japanisch トヨタ自動車株式会社, Toyota Jidōsha Kabushiki-gaisha) ist ein multinationales Unternehmen und einer der größten Automobilhersteller der Welt.
丰田汽车公司（日语：トヨタ自動車株式会社／トヨタじどうしゃ Toyota Jidōsha */?，英语：Toyota Motor Corporation），简称丰田（トヨタ，TOYOTA）是日本的跨国汽车公司，丰田亦是雷克萨斯（LEXUS）、大发（Daihatsu）及日野（HINO）品牌的母公司，并以20%股份成为斯巴鲁的最大股东，拥有马自达5.1%的股份。2020年起，丰田成为全球最大的汽车制造商。
Inertial Confinement Fusion: How to Make a Star
The idea for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) grew out of the decades-long effort to generate fusion burn and gain in the laboratory. Current nuclear power plants, which use fission, or the splitting of atoms to produce energy, have been pumping out electric power for more than 50 years. But achieving nuclear fusion burn and gain has not yet been demonstrated to be viable for electricity production. For fusion burn and gain to occur, a special fuel consisting of the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium must first “ignite.” A primary goal for NIF is to achieve fusion ignition, in which the energy generated from the reaction outstrips the rate at which x-ray radiation losses and electron conduction cool the implosion.
All of the energy of NIF’s 192 beams is directed inside a gold cylinder called a hohlraum, which is about the size of a dime. A tiny capsule inside the hohlraum contains atoms of deuterium (hydrogen with one neutron) and tritium (hydrogen with two neutrons) that fuel the ignition process.
NIF was designed to produce extraordinarily high temperatures and pressures—tens of millions of degrees and pressures many billion times greater than Earth’s atmosphere. These conditions currently exist only in the cores of stars and planets and in nuclear weapons. In a star, strong gravitational pressure sustains the fusion of hydrogen atoms. The light and warmth that we enjoy from the sun, a star 93 million miles away, are reminders of how well the fusion process works and the immense energy it creates.
Replicating the extreme conditions that foster the fusion process has been one of the most demanding scientific challenges of the last half-century. Physicists have pursued a variety of approaches to achieve nuclear fusion in the laboratory and to harness this potential source of unlimited energy for future power plants.
See How ICF Works for a more detailed description of inertial confinement fusion.
Recipe for a Small Star
- Take a hollow, spherical plastic capsule about two millimeters in diameter (about the size of a small pea)
- Fill it with 150 micrograms (less than one-millionth of a pound) of a mixture of deuterium and tritium, the two heavy isotopes of hydrogen.
- Take a laser that for about 20 billionths of a second can generate 500 trillion watts—the equivalent of five million million 100-watt light bulbs.
- Focus all that laser power onto the surface of the capsule.
- Wait ten billionths of a second.
- Result: one miniature star.
In this process the capsule and its deuterium–tritium fuel will be compressed to a density 100 times that of solid lead, and heated to more than 100 million degrees Celsius—hotter than the center of the sun. These conditions are just those required to initiate thermonuclear fusion, the energy source of stars.
By following our recipe, we would make a miniature star that lasts for a tiny fraction of a second. During its brief lifetime, it will produce energy the way the stars and the sun do, by nuclear fusion. Our little star will produce ten to 100 times more energy than we used to ignite it.
Alaska-AK
纵贯阿拉斯加管道 ，俗称阿拉斯加输油管 （英语：Trans-Alaska Pipeline System，简称TAPS，州内俗称the Alyeska Pipeline，州外俗称Alaska Pipeline）是连接美国阿拉斯加州北部产油区和南部港口，再转运到美国本土炼油厂的管道运输系统。
管道主线起自阿拉斯加北坡的普拉德霍湾，终止于阿拉斯加湾边的瓦尔迪兹，南北全长接近800 英里（约1,300 公里）经过怀斯曼、比特尔斯、利文古、福克斯、费尔班克斯和艾伦谷等多座城市。管道的建筑更要面临位置偏远和周围恶劣环境的挑战：中间要穿越三座山脉、活跃的断层、广大的冻土层和定时迁徙的驯鹿和驼鹿。
自1977年落成以来，管道已经输送了150亿桶原油（2.4 km3）。
Die Trans-Alaska-Pipeline (TAP) ist eine Erdölleitung in Alaska in den Vereinigten Staaten. Sie verläuft 1287 km von der Prudhoe Bay im Norden zum eisfreien Hafen Valdez am Prince William Sound im Süden.
Puglia
Die Transadriatische Pipeline (auch Trans-Adria-Pipeline), offizieller englischer Name Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), ist eine 878 Kilometer lange Erdgaspipeline. Seit dem 31. Dezember 2020 leitet sie aserbaidschanisches Gas durch Griechenland, Albanien und das Adriatische Meer nach Süditalien. Die TAP ist in Kipoi an der türkisch-griechischen Grenze mit der Transanatolischen Pipeline (TANAP) verbunden, die Erdgas aus dem kaspischen Raum durch die Türkei nach Westen transportiert. Mit dem Bau der TAP ist 2015 begonnen worden.
跨亚得里亚海管道 (英语：Trans Adriatic Pipeline，TAP，阿尔巴尼亚语：Gazsjellësi Trans-Adriatik，希腊语：Διαδριατικός Αγωγός Φυσικού Αερίου - Diadriatikós Agogós Fysikoú Aeríou，意大利语：Gasdotto Trans-Adriatico) 是2003年倡议的天然气管道，于2016年开始兴建，2020年开始运营，从里海的阿塞拜疆一路经过欧洲的希腊、阿尔巴尼亚到达亚得里亚海的意大利。
California-CA
